Kevin Maher places a burden of responsibility upon the makers of historical films such as Saving Private Ryan to present the facts truthfully.
Kevin Maher places a burden of responsibility upon the makers of historical films such as Saving Private Ryan to present the facts truthfully.

Fact and fiction



Perhaps it's the dashing shape he cuts in that German colonel's uniform. Or maybe it's his North African war wounds that do it. Or it could be, simply, the purity of his purpose or his unflappable sense of heroism. Either way, Tom Cruise emerges as one of cinema's most saintly Nazis in the recent historical thriller, Valkyrie. And he's not alone. The Lord of the Rings star Viggo Mortensen plays a German college professor who reluctantly joins the SS, but is still basically a great guy, in the upcoming war drama Good, while Kate Winslet proved that a Nazi concentration camp guard needn't be all that bad by playing one tortured with guilt and regret in The Reader.

Something is clearly wrong here. Taken individually, each movie is an unremarkable example of Hollywood's typically cavalier and self-serving approach to historical fact. But regarded collectively, and seen alongside recent Second World War films such as The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas (David Thewlis plays a sensitive family man and concentration camp commandant) and Defiance (Daniel Craig leads a heroic band of gun-toting Nazi killers), they represent nothing less than a gross distortion of the moral parameters of 20th-century history.

"I read the script of Valkyrie and I first thought how incredibly suspenseful it was," said Cruise recently, describing his first encounter with the story of Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg, and how he led the failed July 1944 plot to assassinate Hitler. "When I put it down I thought, 'This can't be true! How much of this is actually true?' And then when I found out it was, I thought it was great." Similarly, the Valkyrie director Bryan Singer added, "The movie is a conspiracy thriller about assassinating Hitler. The bonus is that it happens to be true. Even the things that you might think are film conventions, some of those twists and turns, they turn out to be true."

Truth, of course, is relative. And Hollywood, especially, has never let the truth get in the way of a good story, says Richard Evans, the Regius Professor of Modern History at Cambridge University, and author of the definitive Third Reich historical trilogy. In a few short character strokes, Evans explodes the heroic myth of the saintly Stauffenberg as portrayed by Cruise, explaining that the real Stauffenberg "was a very complex character". Evans elaborates in detail, adding that Stauffenberg was a quasi-mystic who believed in a "perfect Reich of the future", who was anti-Semitic, and who "started off by admiring Nazism and only gradually revised his views". This, naturally, is not the Nazi-hating and pure-hearted Stauffenberg we see on screen in Valkyrie.

Similarly, the historical ambiguities of these modern movies can be troubling, not just to historians and critical observers, but even to the stars of the films themselves. Ralph Fiennes, co-starring opposite Winslet in The Reader, recently confessed that he found some of the moral implications of the movie "troubling". "The movie is fraught with danger areas," he said, describing how it seems to suggest that because Winslet's character, Hanna, was illiterate she was less culpable for her actions as a concentration camp guard, and therefore more sympathetic to a modern audience. Of course, Fiennes is correct, and yet, in order for the film to work, especially to an audience conditioned by noble heroes and evil villains, the ambiguities surrounding Winslet's character must never be explicit enough to alienate the movie's core audience (or, indeed, awards juries).

Hollywood, typically, has always claimed a certain parasitical relationship with history. From the very earliest days of the medium, from one of the very first blockbusters, in fact - 1917's Cleopatra, starring the original screen siren Theda Bara - Hollywood has plundered the annals of history for dramatic source material. No era has been safe from the hands of tinkering Tinseltown producers. From the stone age (One Million Years BC) to the Roman Empire (Ben Hur) to the Middle Ages (A Man for All Seasons) to the 19th century (Gone With the Wind) to modern times (Platoon) to near-contemporary events (United 93), Hollywood has happily taken historical events - obscure, well recorded or infamous - and unapologetically moulded, trimmed and twisted them into classical movie products.

Here, the messy variables of historical reality readily clash with the three-act structure, the need for delineated heroes and villains, the vanities of the Hollywood star system, and the narrative demands for a lesson learned. Invariably, the movies that emerge from history are often regarded as the medium's finest product. Gone With the Wind, Braveheart and Schindler's List all acquire the extra weight of gravitas that historical source material allows.

And yet, as argued in books like Robert Brent Toplin's definitive History by Hollywood: The Use and Abuse of the American Past, historical movies reveal more about their makers than the history they describe. In other words, it is argued, if we recognise that film is a storytelling compromise and that life, unlike movies, doesn't unfold at 24 frames per second, then we can see that, at best, these palatable mainstream entertainments simply reflect how a culture feels about itself in any given era. Thus, the war movies of the late 1950s and early 1960s, which were straight-faced and action packed (The Longest Day, or The Battle of the Bulge) reflected a post-war society in search of stability. The left wing historical westerns of the 1970s (Soldier Blue, or McCabe & Mrs Miller) were, like much of the youth at the time, angry and anti-authoritarian. While the current spate of Second World War movies seem to reflect a western culture obsessed with moral ambiguity, a world where the boundaries between right and wrong, and good and evil are increasingly muddied.

And why, for that matter, should we even expect historical accuracy from cinema, when every other artistic medium, from theatre to painting to literature, has used history as a mere springboard for greater work - think Homer's Iliad, Shakespeare's plays, or Picasso's Guernica. The answer, says Evans, is that today, cinema, more than any other art form, really matters. "There are many different ways in which history is conveyed to a popular audience," says Evans. "Through film, television, radio, museums and books. But what we, as historians, have to contend with is that films, firstly, are the main way that people get their information about the past. Think of how many million people go to see a movie, and then think about how many ever read even popular history books - it's a tiny fragment."

Furthermore, in an age where digital effects and hyper-real filmmaking techniques have made on-screen events seem perilously accurate (the noted Second World War historian Stephen Ambrose, at a personal screening of Saving Private Ryan, famously asked the projectionist to pause the film after the initial Omaha Beach sequence because he felt woozy and battle weary) it is perhaps incumbent upon modern moviemakers to reflect upon just what version of immersive screen history they are presenting. Especially when their younger audiences, argues Susan Greenfield in ID: The Quest for Identity in the 21st Century, increasingly regard the screen as a source of information, divorced completely from grounded historical context, or fact. In this particular climate, the release of a plethora of movies about kindly Nazis is unfortunate, if not somewhat irresponsible.

The solution, says Evans, is not going to be easy. And, ironically, just as the moral responsibility foisted upon the historical movie increases, so does its popularity - it was recently announced that three separate and competing Battle of Hastings movies have been rushed into preproduction (including one by the Gladiator scribe William Nicholson and one by The Duchess producer Michael Kuhn). But if Hollywood wants to meet history with maturity, it will have to relinquish some of its age old obsessions. Heroes and villains for one, says Evans, are out. "In history, almost everyone is morally compromised in one way or another, and that's something that Hollywood finds difficult to convey," he says, imagining a world where Cruise in Valkyrie was genuinely disturbing, Winslet in The Reader truly appalling and Viggo Mortensen in Good a gritty piece of work.

From there, it could be argued, that the new historical film would have to be less structurally rigid (no more upbeat final reel resolutions - that means you, Schindler's List), and more respectful to the factual minutiae of events. And if this is too much to ask from a medium that's inherently artificial, then, says Evans, it's up to the audience to respond appropriately. "The questions has always been, and will always be," he says. "How much do the people swallow of that they see on film?" Judging by the recent attempts by Hollywood to re-imagine the Second World War for us all, the answer should surely be, and remain for some time, nothing.

A State of Passion

Directors: Carol Mansour and Muna Khalidi

Stars: Dr Ghassan Abu-Sittah

Rating: 4/5

Company%20Profile
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RESULT

Everton 2 Huddersfield Town 0
Everton: 
Sigurdsson (47'), Calvert-Lewin (73')

Man of the Match: Dominic Calvert-Lewin (Everton)

COMPANY%20PROFILE
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Bio

Age: 25

Town: Al Diqdaqah – Ras Al Khaimah

Education: Bachelors degree in mechanical engineering

Favourite colour: White

Favourite place in the UAE: Downtown Dubai

Favourite book: A Life in Administration by Ghazi Al Gosaibi.

First owned baking book: How to Be a Domestic Goddess by Nigella Lawson.

Formula Middle East Calendar (Formula Regional and Formula 4)
Round 1: January 17-19, Yas Marina Circuit – Abu Dhabi
 
Round 2: January 22-23, Yas Marina Circuit – Abu Dhabi
 
Round 3: February 7-9, Dubai Autodrome – Dubai
 
Round 4: February 14-16, Yas Marina Circuit – Abu Dhabi
 
Round 5: February 25-27, Jeddah Corniche Circuit – Saudi Arabia
The%20Roundup%20%3A%20No%20Way%20Out
%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EDirector%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20Lee%20Sang-yong%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EStars%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20Don%20Lee%2C%20Lee%20Jun-hyuk%2C%20Munetaka%20Aoki%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3ERating%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E3%2F5%3Cbr%3E%3Cbr%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
How green is the expo nursery?

Some 400,000 shrubs and 13,000 trees in the on-site nursery

An additional 450,000 shrubs and 4,000 trees to be delivered in the months leading up to the expo

Ghaf, date palm, acacia arabica, acacia tortilis, vitex or sage, techoma and the salvadora are just some heat tolerant native plants in the nursery

Approximately 340 species of shrubs and trees selected for diverse landscape

The nursery team works exclusively with organic fertilisers and pesticides

All shrubs and trees supplied by Dubai Municipality

Most sourced from farms, nurseries across the country

Plants and trees are re-potted when they arrive at nursery to give them room to grow

Some mature trees are in open areas or planted within the expo site

Green waste is recycled as compost

Treated sewage effluent supplied by Dubai Municipality is used to meet the majority of the nursery’s irrigation needs

Construction workforce peaked at 40,000 workers

About 65,000 people have signed up to volunteer

Main themes of expo is  ‘Connecting Minds, Creating the Future’ and three subthemes of opportunity, mobility and sustainability.

Expo 2020 Dubai to open in October 2020 and run for six months

Baftas 2020 winners

BEST FILM

  • 1917 - Pippa Harris, Callum McDougall, Sam Mendes, Jayne-Ann Tenggren
  • THE IRISHMAN - Robert De Niro, Jane Rosenthal, Martin Scorsese, Emma Tillinger Koskoff
  • JOKER - Bradley Cooper, Todd Phillips, Emma Tillinger Koskoff
  • ONCE UPON A TIME… IN HOLLYWOOD - David Heyman, Shannon McIntosh, Quentin Tarantino
  • PARASITE - Bong Joon-ho, Kwak Sin-ae

DIRECTOR

  • 1917 - Sam Mendes
  • THE IRISHMAN - Martin Scorsese
  • JOKER - Todd Phillips
  • ONCE UPON A TIME… IN HOLLYWOOD - Quentin Tarantino
  • PARASITE - Bong Joon-ho

OUTSTANDING BRITISH FILM

  • 1917 - Sam Mendes, Pippa Harris, Callum McDougall, Jayne-Ann Tenggren, Krysty Wilson-Cairns
  • BAIT - Mark Jenkin, Kate Byers, Linn Waite
  • FOR SAMA - Waad al-Kateab, Edward Watts
  • ROCKETMAN - Dexter Fletcher, Adam Bohling, David Furnish, David Reid, Matthew Vaughn, Lee Hall
  • SORRY WE MISSED YOU  - Ken Loach, Rebecca O’Brien, Paul Laverty
  • THE TWO POPES - Fernando Meirelles, Jonathan Eirich, Dan Lin, Tracey Seaward, Anthony McCarten

FILM NOT IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

  • THE FAREWELL - Lulu Wang, Daniele Melia
  • FOR SAMA - Waad al-Kateab, Edward Watts
  • PAIN AND GLORY - Pedro Almodóvar, Agustín Almodóvar
  • PARASITE - Bong Joon-ho
  • PORTRAIT OF A LADY ON FIRE - Céline Sciamma, Bénédicte Couvreur

LEADING ACTRESS

  • JESSIE BUCKLEY - Wild Rose
  • SCARLETT JOHANSSON - Marriage Story
  • SAOIRSE RONAN - Little Women
  • CHARLIZE THERON - Bombshell
  • RENÉE ZELLWEGER - Judy

LEADING ACTOR

  • LEONARDO DICAPRIO - Once Upon a Time… In Hollywood
  • ADAM DRIVER - Marriage Story
  • TARON EGERTON - Rocketman
  • JOAQUIN PHOENIX - Joker
  • JONATHAN PRYCE - The Two Popes

SUPPORTING ACTOR

  • TOM HANKS - A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood
  • ANTHONY HOPKINS - The Two Popes
  • AL PACINO - The Irishman
  • JOE PESCI - The Irishman
  • BRAD PITT - Once Upon a Time… in Hollywood

SUPPORTING ACTRESS

  • LAURA DERN - Marriage Story
  • SCARLETT JOHANSSON - Jojo Rabbit
  • FLORENCE PUGH - Little Women
  • MARGOT ROBBIE - Bombshell
  • MARGOT ROBBIE - Once Upon a Time… in Hollywood

ADAPTED SCREENPLAY

  • THE IRISHMAN - Steven Zaillian
  • JOJO RABBIT - Taika Waititi
  • JOKER - Todd Phillips, Scott Silver
  • LITTLE WOMEN - Greta Gerwig
  • THE TWO POPES - Anthony McCarten

ORIGINAL SCREENPLAY

  • BOOKSMART - Susanna Fogel, Emily Halpern, Sarah Haskins, Katie Silberman
  • KNIVES OUT - Rian Johnson
  • MARRIAGE STORY - Noah Baumbach
  • ONCE UPON A TIME… IN HOLLYWOOD - Quentin Tarantino
  • PARASITE - Han Jin Won, Bong Joon ho

DOCUMENTARY

  • AMERICAN FACTORY - Steven Bognar, Julia Reichert
  • APOLLO 11 - Todd Douglas Miller
  • DIEGO MARADONA - Asif Kapadia
  • FOR SAMA - Waad al-Kateab, Edward Watts
  • THE GREAT HACK - Karim Amer, Jehane Noujaime

OUTSTANDING DEBUT BY A BRITISH WRITER, DIRECTOR OR PRODUCER

  • BAIT - Mark Jenkin (Writer/Director), Kate Byers, Linn Waite (Producers)
  • FOR SAMA - Waad al-Kateab (Director/Producer), Edward Watts (Director)
  • MAIDEN - Alex Holmes (Director)
  • ONLY YOU - Harry Wootliff (Writer/Director)
  • RETABLO - Álvaro Delgado-Aparicio (Writer/Director)

ANIMATED FILM

  • FROZEN 2 - Chris Buck, Jennifer Lee, Peter Del Vecho
  • KLAUS - Sergio Pablos, Jinko Gotoh
  • A SHAUN THE SHEEP MOVIE: FARMAGEDDON - Will Becher, Richard Phelan, Paul Kewley
  • TOY STORY 4 - Josh Cooley, Mark Nielsen

CASTING

  • JOKER - Shayna Markowitz
  • MARRIAGE STORY - Douglas Aibel, Francine Maisler
  • ONCE UPON A TIME… IN HOLLYWOOD - Victoria Thomas
  • THE PERSONAL HISTORY OF DAVID COPPERFIELD - Sarah Crowe
  • THE TWO POPES - Nina Gold

EE RISING STAR AWARD (voted for by the public)

  • AWKWAFINA
  • JACK LOWDEN
  • KAITLYN DEVER
  • KELVIN HARRISON JR.
  • MICHEAL WARD

CINEMATOGRAPHY

  • 1917 - Roger Deakins
  • THE IRISHMAN - Rodrigo Prieto
  • JOKER - Lawrence Sher
  • LE MANS ’66 - Phedon Papamichael
  • THE LIGHTHOUSE - Jarin Blaschke

EDITING

  • THE IRISHMAN - Thelma Schoonmaker
  • JOJO RABBIT - Tom Eagles
  • JOKER - Jeff Groth
  • LE MANS ’66 - Andrew Buckland, Michael McCusker
  • ONCE UPON A TIME… IN HOLLYWOOD - Fred Raskin

COSTUME DESIGN

  • THE IRISHMAN - Christopher Peterson, Sandy Powell
  • JOJO RABBIT - Mayes C. Rubeo
  • JUDY - Jany Temime
  • LITTLE WOMEN - Jacqueline Durran
  • ONCE UPON A TIME… IN HOLLYWOOD - Arianne Phillips

PRODUCTION DESIGN

  • 1917 - Dennis Gassner, Lee Sandales
  • THE IRISHMAN - Bob Shaw, Regina Graves
  • JOJO RABBIT - Ra Vincent, Nora Sopková
  • JOKER - Mark Friedberg, Kris Moran
  • ONCE UPON A TIME… IN HOLLYWOOD - Barbara Ling, Nancy Haigh

SOUND

  • 1917 - Scott Millan, Oliver Tarney, Rachael Tate, Mark Taylor, Stuart Wilson
  • JOKER - Tod Maitland, Alan Robert Murray, Tom Ozanich, Dean Zupancic
  • LE MANS ’66 - David Giammarco, Paul Massey, Steven A. Morrow, Donald Sylvester
  • ROCKETMAN - Matthew Collinge, John Hayes, Mike Prestwood Smith, Danny Sheehan
  • STAR WARS: THE RISE OF SKYWALKER - David Acord, Andy Nelson, Christopher Scarabosio, Stuart Wilson, Matthew Wood

ORIGINAL SCORE

  • 1917 - Thomas Newman
  • JOJO RABBIT - Michael Giacchino
  • JOKER - Hildur Guđnadóttir
  • LITTLE WOMEN - Alexandre Desplat
  • STAR WARS: THE RISE OF SKYWALKER - John Williams

SPECIAL VISUAL EFFECTS

  • 1917 - Greg Butler, Guillaume Rocheron, Dominic Tuohy
  • AVENGERS: ENDGAME - Dan Deleeuw, Dan Sudick
  • THE IRISHMAN - Leandro Estebecorena, Stephane Grabli, Pablo Helman
  • THE LION KING - Andrew R. Jones, Robert Legato, Elliot Newman, Adam Valdez
  • STAR WARS: THE RISE OF SKYWALKER - Roger Guyett, Paul Kavanagh, Neal Scanlan, Dominic Tuohy

MAKE UP & HAIR

  • 1917 - Naomi Donne
  • BOMBSHELL - Vivian Baker, Kazu Hiro, Anne Morgan
  • JOKER - Kay Georgiou, Nicki Ledermann
  • JUDY - Jeremy Woodhead
  • ROCKETMAN - Lizzie Yianni Georgiou

BRITISH SHORT FILM

  • AZAAR - Myriam Raja, Nathanael Baring
  • GOLDFISH - Hector Dockrill, Harri Kamalanathan, Benedict Turnbull, Laura Dockrill
  • KAMALI - Sasha Rainbow, Rosalind Croad
  • LEARNING TO SKATEBOARD IN A WARZONE (IF YOU’RE A GIRL) - Carol Dysinger, Elena Andreicheva
  • THE TRAP - Lena Headey, Anthony Fitzgerald

BRITISH SHORT ANIMATION

  • GRANDAD WAS A ROMANTIC - Maryam Mohajer
  • IN HER BOOTS - Kathrin Steinbacher
  • THE MAGIC BOAT  - Naaman Azh

Mercer, the investment consulting arm of US services company Marsh & McLennan, expects its wealth division to at least double its assets under management (AUM) in the Middle East as wealth in the region continues to grow despite economic headwinds, a company official said.

Mercer Wealth, which globally has $160 billion in AUM, plans to boost its AUM in the region to $2-$3bn in the next 2-3 years from the present $1bn, said Yasir AbuShaban, a Dubai-based principal with Mercer Wealth.

Within the next two to three years, we are looking at reaching $2 to $3 billion as a conservative estimate and we do see an opportunity to do so,” said Mr AbuShaban.

Mercer does not directly make investments, but allocates clients’ money they have discretion to, to professional asset managers. They also provide advice to clients.

“We have buying power. We can negotiate on their (client’s) behalf with asset managers to provide them lower fees than they otherwise would have to get on their own,” he added.

Mercer Wealth’s clients include sovereign wealth funds, family offices, and insurance companies among others.

From its office in Dubai, Mercer also looks after Africa, India and Turkey, where they also see opportunity for growth.

Wealth creation in Middle East and Africa (MEA) grew 8.5 per cent to $8.1 trillion last year from $7.5tn in 2015, higher than last year’s global average of 6 per cent and the second-highest growth in a region after Asia-Pacific which grew 9.9 per cent, according to consultancy Boston Consulting Group (BCG). In the region, where wealth grew just 1.9 per cent in 2015 compared with 2014, a pickup in oil prices has helped in wealth generation.

BCG is forecasting MEA wealth will rise to $12tn by 2021, growing at an annual average of 8 per cent.

Drivers of wealth generation in the region will be split evenly between new wealth creation and growth of performance of existing assets, according to BCG.

Another general trend in the region is clients’ looking for a comprehensive approach to investing, according to Mr AbuShaban.

“Institutional investors or some of the families are seeing a slowdown in the available capital they have to invest and in that sense they are looking at optimizing the way they manage their portfolios and making sure they are not investing haphazardly and different parts of their investment are working together,” said Mr AbuShaban.

Some clients also have a higher appetite for risk, given the low interest-rate environment that does not provide enough yield for some institutional investors. These clients are keen to invest in illiquid assets, such as private equity and infrastructure.

“What we have seen is a desire for higher returns in what has been a low-return environment specifically in various fixed income or bonds,” he said.

“In this environment, we have seen a de facto increase in the risk that clients are taking in things like illiquid investments, private equity investments, infrastructure and private debt, those kind of investments were higher illiquidity results in incrementally higher returns.”

The Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, one of the largest sovereign wealth funds, said in its 2016 report that has gradually increased its exposure in direct private equity and private credit transactions, mainly in Asian markets and especially in China and India. The authority’s private equity department focused on structured equities owing to “their defensive characteristics.”

Masters%20of%20the%20Air
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PROFILE

Name: Enhance Fitness 

Year started: 2018 

Based: UAE 

Employees: 200 

Amount raised: $3m 

Investors: Global Ventures and angel investors 

Specs
Engine: Electric motor generating 54.2kWh (Cooper SE and Aceman SE), 64.6kW (Countryman All4 SE)
Power: 218hp (Cooper and Aceman), 313hp (Countryman)
Torque: 330Nm (Cooper and Aceman), 494Nm (Countryman)
On sale: Now
Price: From Dh158,000 (Cooper), Dh168,000 (Aceman), Dh132,000 (Countryman)
Analysis

Members of Syria's Alawite minority community face threat in their heartland after one of the deadliest days in country’s recent history. Read more

Five expert hiking tips
    Always check the weather forecast before setting off Make sure you have plenty of water Set off early to avoid sudden weather changes in the afternoon Wear appropriate clothing and footwear Take your litter home with you
Dr Afridi's warning signs of digital addiction

Spending an excessive amount of time on the phone.

Neglecting personal, social, or academic responsibilities.

Losing interest in other activities or hobbies that were once enjoyed.

Having withdrawal symptoms like feeling anxious, restless, or upset when the technology is not available.

Experiencing sleep disturbances or changes in sleep patterns.

What are the guidelines?

Under 18 months: Avoid screen time altogether, except for video chatting with family.

Aged 18-24 months: If screens are introduced, it should be high-quality content watched with a caregiver to help the child understand what they are seeing.

Aged 2-5 years: Limit to one-hour per day of high-quality programming, with co-viewing whenever possible.

Aged 6-12 years: Set consistent limits on screen time to ensure it does not interfere with sleep, physical activity, or social interactions.

Teenagers: Encourage a balanced approach – screens should not replace sleep, exercise, or face-to-face socialisation.

Source: American Paediatric Association