Italy’s entrepreneurs weave new future for 1,000 year-old silk industry

Clusters of silkworms munch on piles of locally-grown mulberry leaves in a white marquee in Italy’s northern Veneto region. They are nourishing hopes of a revival of Italy’s 1,000 year-old silk industry.

Decades after Veneto’s last silk mills were shuttered as a post-war economic boom lured farmers to cities, budding silkmakers – or “sericulturists” – are trying to spin a niche around a traceable supply chain of high-quality material.

“This is a new beginning for a sector that was vital until 50 years ago,” says Giampietro Zonta, a jeweller who started producing his own silk last year to make a line of bracelets and necklaces made of interwoven gold and silk.

Mr Zonta’s company D’Orica has joined forces with a scientific research centre and three agricultural cooperatives to produce the silk from scratch. Last year, they harvested 800 grams.

This budding silk industry is minuscule compared to the 130,000 tonnes of silk China manufactured in 2013, according to the International Sericultural Commission.

Italy – which is one of the world’s major importers – uses the mainly Chinese silk to make finished fabric, neckties, scarves, shirts and dresses which had a combined export value of more than €890 million (Dh3.62 billion) in 2012, according to the trade body Ufficio Italiano Seta.

Yet Mr Zonta’s project is one of various efforts cropping up across Italy led by entrepreneurs wanting to capitalise on a timid economic recovery to launch businesses tied to the country’s traditional specialities – in this case, fashion.

Italian entrepreneurship is still suffering after two decades of economic stagnation and three years of recession, but there are signs of a recovery.

Fewer new ventures opened in the first quarter of 2015 than in the same period last year, but the number of closures dropped more sharply.

Overall manufacturing costs are still 30 per cent higher in Italy than China, but companies including the Italian leather goods brand Piquadro have brought some production home, saving on transport costs and import duties.

Alessandro Di Grazia, product developer at the Italian dental product maker Fimo, branched out into skin care to make a sort of thimble made of a silkworm cocoon for cleaning the skin.

“Using Italian silk is very important to us because we know who has made it and how. For our purposes we need extremely clean cocoons,” says Mr Di Grazia.

Silkworm eggs and rearing techniques came to Europe from Asia along the trade routes known as the Silk Road. They arrived around the year 1000 in Italy, where production reached a peak in the late 1800s, with output topping 60,000 tonnes of cocoons a year.

But two world wars in quick succession at the beginning of the 20th century changed the social and economic fabric of Europe. Soon after the second conflict, Italy began a period of industrialisation which was to spell the end of sericulture.

Now the industry in China, which makes some 85 per cent of the world’s silk, is under pressure from its own economic boom, says Kurada Keshendra Shetty of the Bangalore-based International Sericultural Commission.

“Due to rapid industrialisation and urbanisation, silk production in the country may decline considerably in the coming years,” Mr Shetty says.

Demand for silk is rising as people in China and India get richer, according to Mr Shetty, and “there is an immediate need to start up the silk industry in new places”.

The cooperatives of the Veneto are not the only Europeans who are starting production again in Europe.

The Swiss Silk Producers Association, led by farmer and textile engineer Ueli Ramseier, started production in 2009 and made 13 kilograms of raw silk, equivalent to 270 neckties.

Mr Ramseier says his silk, sold to necktie makers for 450 Swiss francs (Dh1,726) a kilogram, is aimed at high-end products.

But the fledgling industry in Europe faces its own challenges.

Mr Zonta’s received €127,000 in regional government funding, but the group is financing most of the work itself.

The silk makers also worry about the future of the government-owned agricultural research centre in Padua, near Venice, where they work – the centre may be moved as part of a government initiative to improving efficiency.

Relocation may endanger the live organisms and waste money says Padua centre’s chief researcher Silvia Cappellozza.

“These are the crazy things people do in Italy. They say let’s contain public spending and they try to do it like this,” says Ms Cappellozza, surveying the racks of fattening worms.

“All of this would be lost.”

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