As far back as 1965, Gordon Moore, the co-founder of the technology giant Intel, suggested that the number of transistors on a microchip doubles every two years.
But researchers have begun to question how long that doubling, which has since become known as Moore's Law, can continue. As processes become smaller - the current generation of microprocessors uses transistors just 32 nanometres (billionths of a metre) across - it becomes ever harder to make them even smaller. In short, there are limits, and they are not far off.
Busting through those limits could require a solution at the atomic level.
Some say the answer might lie in the quantum-mechanical process of "tunnelling", a phenomenon in which electrons are able to move through barriers.
Through the pull of a strong electric field, the outer electrons of an atom are able to escape from their binding nuclei, pushing particles through small walls to create a final ionised atom on the other side.
The aim is to develop a material that allows electrons to move more easily - and therefore allow energy to flow more efficiently through devices, providing smaller, faster, less power-hungry gadgets. Integrating such a material into device design is the focus of research being done at the Masdar Institute as the university prepares to install a cleanroom - a lab free of the dust that can fatally hinder work at the microscopic level of chipmaking.
Researchers at Masdar are looking to germanium, which - mixed with silicon in the form of tiny crystals - can become embedded into memory devices to act as "stairs" on which electrons can travel.
In a delicate balance of memory retention, speed and power, these stairs allow excited electrons to be pushed through barriers within a data storage cell with about half as much power as usual.
A similar idea can be applied to solar-power films that alloy silicon with the lighter, cheaper, stronger germanium. Thin-film solar cells can be fitted to everything from rooftops and windows to the screens of smartphones, tablets and other gadgets.
One danger with electron transfer is leakage. A group at Masdar has been testing composites of germanium that, when layered in solar films and memory devices, minimise leakage.
Because germanium is far more expensive than silicon, researchers have been trying to grow thin germanium layers on cheaper substrates.
And for that, according to Ammar Nayfeh, the assistant professor of microsystems devices and circuits at Masdar Institute, the new cleanroom will be essential.
"The cleanroom will be the only one in the region where this material can be grown," he said.
Masdar students have already been gaining experience elsewhere. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's lab in the US, the microsystems engineering student Sabina Abdul Hadi was able to mix germanium with silicon in various proportions to create solar films of different thicknesses.
The 24 solar cells she made there are being tested at Masdar under a sun simulator to see what combination absorbs light best, yielding most energy. The goal is to find the combination that is best tuned to various wavelengths, so that electrons have enough energy to overcome gaps.
"As a solar cell is creating energy based on temperature or light, the amount of energy it leaks also depends on the material itself," she said.
"If you have a metal or an aluminium that is always charging, while a piece of cloth works as an insulator, the idea is to create something in between, that will charge but also insulate."
She is also testing different processes for chemically etching the surface of the film with microscopic pits that alter the way the light hits it. The methods involve dipping the samples into either liquid acid solution or concentrated chemical gases. Wet etching is faster, but gas is more precise.
"There are so many possibilities for getting the best results, and every single second is important for processing the material," she said.
Once perfected, the film will become "the next step of progression in solar cell research", Prof Nayfeh said.
"To really get beyond the challenges of solar cells and energy leakage, you have to take something standard and combine it with nanotechnology to create future devices," he said.
"The same applies to memory and increasing the output of the technology we use every day."
Others have been practising elsewhere. Ayman Rizk, a student of electronics and communications engineering, spent the summer at the National Nanotechnology Research Centre in Turkey developing "the next generation of the thumb drives we use in our daily lives".
Within the memory storage device, storage layers trap electrons, but often energy is lost as they travel through flooding gates within the drive.
These "floating" memories require a fairly thick oxide surrounding so that they can be charged with voltage to push and pull the electrons in and out of storage layers.
By instead storing electrons in tiny, thin-film particles, the electrons can travel easily while leakage is still contained. This also eliminates high-voltage charge bonds needed to push electrons through.
"This will need less power to push electrons through the isolator, achieving retention with less power, less time and high speed," Mr Rizk said.
"At the moment, flash drives are getting cheaper and have more capacity, but in the next five years there will be many limitations in how much energy we can trap. Nanocrystal memory is the best candidate for low power."
Mr Rizk is also testing eight samples of the crystals with different thicknesses and composition at Masdar Institute labs.
The technology would work not only for stand-alone memory used in mobile devices but also for technology being developed that would allow data-heavy computers to power down memories not currently being accessed, cutting down energy consumption.
"This could eventually be used for large projects, medical or advanced simulations," Prof Nayfeh said. "This is the future of computing."
econroy@thenational.ae
Game Changer
Director: Shankar
Stars: Ram Charan, Kiara Advani, Anjali, S J Suryah, Jayaram
Rating: 2/5
Tips to avoid getting scammed
1) Beware of cheques presented late on Thursday
2) Visit an RTA centre to change registration only after receiving payment
3) Be aware of people asking to test drive the car alone
4) Try not to close the sale at night
5) Don't be rushed into a sale
6) Call 901 if you see any suspicious behaviour
Mercer, the investment consulting arm of US services company Marsh & McLennan, expects its wealth division to at least double its assets under management (AUM) in the Middle East as wealth in the region continues to grow despite economic headwinds, a company official said.
Mercer Wealth, which globally has $160 billion in AUM, plans to boost its AUM in the region to $2-$3bn in the next 2-3 years from the present $1bn, said Yasir AbuShaban, a Dubai-based principal with Mercer Wealth.
“Within the next two to three years, we are looking at reaching $2 to $3 billion as a conservative estimate and we do see an opportunity to do so,” said Mr AbuShaban.
Mercer does not directly make investments, but allocates clients’ money they have discretion to, to professional asset managers. They also provide advice to clients.
“We have buying power. We can negotiate on their (client’s) behalf with asset managers to provide them lower fees than they otherwise would have to get on their own,” he added.
Mercer Wealth’s clients include sovereign wealth funds, family offices, and insurance companies among others.
From its office in Dubai, Mercer also looks after Africa, India and Turkey, where they also see opportunity for growth.
Wealth creation in Middle East and Africa (MEA) grew 8.5 per cent to $8.1 trillion last year from $7.5tn in 2015, higher than last year’s global average of 6 per cent and the second-highest growth in a region after Asia-Pacific which grew 9.9 per cent, according to consultancy Boston Consulting Group (BCG). In the region, where wealth grew just 1.9 per cent in 2015 compared with 2014, a pickup in oil prices has helped in wealth generation.
BCG is forecasting MEA wealth will rise to $12tn by 2021, growing at an annual average of 8 per cent.
Drivers of wealth generation in the region will be split evenly between new wealth creation and growth of performance of existing assets, according to BCG.
Another general trend in the region is clients’ looking for a comprehensive approach to investing, according to Mr AbuShaban.
“Institutional investors or some of the families are seeing a slowdown in the available capital they have to invest and in that sense they are looking at optimizing the way they manage their portfolios and making sure they are not investing haphazardly and different parts of their investment are working together,” said Mr AbuShaban.
Some clients also have a higher appetite for risk, given the low interest-rate environment that does not provide enough yield for some institutional investors. These clients are keen to invest in illiquid assets, such as private equity and infrastructure.
“What we have seen is a desire for higher returns in what has been a low-return environment specifically in various fixed income or bonds,” he said.
“In this environment, we have seen a de facto increase in the risk that clients are taking in things like illiquid investments, private equity investments, infrastructure and private debt, those kind of investments were higher illiquidity results in incrementally higher returns.”
The Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, one of the largest sovereign wealth funds, said in its 2016 report that has gradually increased its exposure in direct private equity and private credit transactions, mainly in Asian markets and especially in China and India. The authority’s private equity department focused on structured equities owing to “their defensive characteristics.”
COMPANY%20PROFILE
%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3ECompany%20name%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20Revibe%20%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EStarted%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%202022%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EFounders%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20Hamza%20Iraqui%20and%20Abdessamad%20Ben%20Zakour%20%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EBased%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20UAE%20%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EIndustry%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20Refurbished%20electronics%20%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EFunds%20raised%20so%20far%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20%2410m%20%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EInvestors%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3EFlat6Labs%2C%20Resonance%20and%20various%20others%0D%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
UPI facts
More than 2.2 million Indian tourists arrived in UAE in 2023
More than 3.5 million Indians reside in UAE
Indian tourists can make purchases in UAE using rupee accounts in India through QR-code-based UPI real-time payment systems
Indian residents in UAE can use their non-resident NRO and NRE accounts held in Indian banks linked to a UAE mobile number for UPI transactions
The team
Photographer: Mateusz Stefanowski at Art Factory
Videographer: Jear Valasquez
Fashion director: Sarah Maisey
Make-up: Gulum Erzincan at Art Factory
Model: Randa at Art Factory Videographer’s assistant: Zanong Magat
Photographer’s assistant: Sophia Shlykova
With thanks to Jubail Mangrove Park, Jubail Island, Abu Dhabi
The specs
Engine: Dual 180kW and 300kW front and rear motors
Power: 480kW
Torque: 850Nm
Transmission: Single-speed automatic
Price: From Dh359,900 ($98,000)
On sale: Now
Formula Middle East Calendar (Formula Regional and Formula 4)
Round 1: January 17-19, Yas Marina Circuit – Abu Dhabi
Round 2: January 22-23, Yas Marina Circuit – Abu Dhabi
Round 3: February 7-9, Dubai Autodrome – Dubai
Round 4: February 14-16, Yas Marina Circuit – Abu Dhabi
Round 5: February 25-27, Jeddah Corniche Circuit – Saudi Arabia
How tumultuous protests grew
- A fuel tax protest by French drivers appealed to wider anti-government sentiment
- Unlike previous French demonstrations there was no trade union or organised movement involved
- Demonstrators responded to online petitions and flooded squares to block traffic
- At its height there were almost 300,000 on the streets in support
- Named after the high visibility jackets that drivers must keep in cars
- Clashes soon turned violent as thousands fought with police at cordons
- An estimated two dozen people lost eyes and many others were admitted to hospital
Key facilities
- Olympic-size swimming pool with a split bulkhead for multi-use configurations, including water polo and 50m/25m training lanes
- Premier League-standard football pitch
- 400m Olympic running track
- NBA-spec basketball court with auditorium
- 600-seat auditorium
- Spaces for historical and cultural exploration
- An elevated football field that doubles as a helipad
- Specialist robotics and science laboratories
- AR and VR-enabled learning centres
- Disruption Lab and Research Centre for developing entrepreneurial skills
A Cat, A Man, and Two Women
Junichiro Tamizaki
Translated by Paul McCarthy
Daunt Books
More from Neighbourhood Watch
Paatal Lok season two
Directors: Avinash Arun, Prosit Roy
Stars: Jaideep Ahlawat, Ishwak Singh, Lc Sekhose, Merenla Imsong
Rating: 4.5/5
The specs
Engine: 3-litre twin-turbo V6
Power: 400hp
Torque: 475Nm
Transmission: 9-speed automatic
Price: From Dh215,900
On sale: Now
COMPANY PROFILE
Name: HyperSpace
Started: 2020
Founders: Alexander Heller, Rama Allen and Desi Gonzalez
Based: Dubai, UAE
Sector: Entertainment
Number of staff: 210
Investment raised: $75 million from investors including Galaxy Interactive, Riyadh Season, Sega Ventures and Apis Venture Partners
TCL INFO
Teams:
Punjabi Legends Owners: Inzamam-ul-Haq and Intizar-ul-Haq; Key player: Misbah-ul-Haq
Pakhtoons Owners: Habib Khan and Tajuddin Khan; Key player: Shahid Afridi
Maratha Arabians Owners: Sohail Khan, Ali Tumbi, Parvez Khan; Key player: Virender Sehwag
Bangla Tigers Owners: Shirajuddin Alam, Yasin Choudhary, Neelesh Bhatnager, Anis and Rizwan Sajan; Key player: TBC
Colombo Lions Owners: Sri Lanka Cricket; Key player: TBC
Kerala Kings Owners: Hussain Adam Ali and Shafi Ul Mulk; Key player: Eoin Morgan
Venue Sharjah Cricket Stadium
Format 10 overs per side, matches last for 90 minutes
Timeline October 25: Around 120 players to be entered into a draft, to be held in Dubai; December 21: Matches start; December 24: Finals
The Sand Castle
Director: Matty Brown
Stars: Nadine Labaki, Ziad Bakri, Zain Al Rafeea, Riman Al Rafeea
Rating: 2.5/5
Thank You for Banking with Us
Director: Laila Abbas
Starring: Yasmine Al Massri, Clara Khoury, Kamel El Basha, Ashraf Barhoum
Rating: 4/5
TEACHERS' PAY - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
Pay varies significantly depending on the school, its rating and the curriculum. Here's a rough guide as of January 2021:
- top end schools tend to pay Dh16,000-17,000 a month - plus a monthly housing allowance of up to Dh6,000. These tend to be British curriculum schools rated 'outstanding' or 'very good', followed by American schools
- average salary across curriculums and skill levels is about Dh10,000, recruiters say
- it is becoming more common for schools to provide accommodation, sometimes in an apartment block with other teachers, rather than hand teachers a cash housing allowance
- some strong performing schools have cut back on salaries since the pandemic began, sometimes offering Dh16,000 including the housing allowance, which reflects the slump in rental costs, and sheer demand for jobs
- maths and science teachers are most in demand and some schools will pay up to Dh3,000 more than other teachers in recognition of their technical skills
- at the other end of the market, teachers in some Indian schools, where fees are lower and competition among applicants is intense, can be paid as low as Dh3,000 per month
- in Indian schools, it has also become common for teachers to share residential accommodation, living in a block with colleagues
Business Insights
- As per the document, there are six filing options, including choosing to report on a realisation basis and transitional rules for pre-tax period gains or losses.
- SMEs with revenue below Dh3 million per annum can opt for transitional relief until 2026, treating them as having no taxable income.
- Larger entities have specific provisions for asset and liability movements, business restructuring, and handling foreign permanent establishments.
UAE currency: the story behind the money in your pockets
Spare
Profile
Company name: Spare
Started: March 2018
Co-founders: Dalal Alrayes and Saurabh Shah
Based: UAE
Sector: FinTech
Investment: Own savings. Going for first round of fund-raising in March 2019
