The Geneva Conventions, the laws of war, turn 75 years old on Monday as conflicts in the Middle East and Europe put their high humanitarian ideals to a brutal test.
Amid the ruins of the Second World War, the four treaties of August 12, 1949, laid down rules for the humane treatment of civilians, medics, wounded soldiers and prisoners of war.
“Even wars have rules,” as the lettering says on the Red Cross headquarters overlooking a UN compound in Geneva.
During the post-9/11 “war on terror” the Geneva rules were written off as old-fashioned in some quarters as the US waged a new kind of war with Al Qaeda.
But amid the land battles and military occupations of 2024, they are once again a crucial measurement used to judge, often harshly, the legal scruples of Israel, Hamas, Russia and Ukraine.
Mirjana Spoljaric, the president of the Red Cross, told The National she was “extremely concerned about the precedent that the situation in Gaza is setting for other conflicts”.
“The Middle East sits on a precipice that already sees the misery Palestinians and Israelis have endured radiate outward,” she said at a press conference marking the anniversary in Geneva.
Around the world “humanitarian law is under strain – disregarded, undermined, to justify violence … the dehumanisation of both enemy fighters and civilian populations is a path to ruin and disaster”.
Philippe Lazzarini, the head of Palestinian aid agency UNRWA, said the rules of war were "broken day in, day out" by Israeli forces in Gaza,
In military camps and headquarters around the world the conventions “have got a place in people's minds”, said Andrew Clapham, an international law professor at the Geneva Graduate Institute and a former UN adviser.
“Most soldiers, officers, fighters and rebels have heard of the Geneva Conventions, and it carries some weight in the sense that they have a vague idea that they can rely on them if they're captured,” he told The National.
The Israel-Gaza war has brought to the surface a feeling of double standards, that it never seems to be the West or its allies hauled into war crimes courts.
Lawyers and campaigners have frequently opened the Geneva Conventions to condemn Israel for its campaign in Gaza and its settler policy in the occupied West Bank.
Switzerland's ambassador to Oman, Thomas Oertle, said the conventions were "as relevant as ever" but "often not respected".
But with Russia also in the crosshairs of war crimes lawyers, the months and years ahead may prove to be a bigger moment for the Geneva Conventions than the anniversary passing on Monday.
Then and now
The first Geneva Treaty was signed in 1864 when rules were adopted on the treatment of wounded soldiers. Principles were laid down that medical staff should be protected and the injured cared for regardless of nationality.
They were the brainchild of Red Cross founder Henri Dunant, a Swiss businessman who was appalled by the suffering he witnessed at an 1859 battle in Italy.
A second convention in 1906 covered shipwrecked personnel, while a third in 1929 set rules on the treatment of prisoners of war. But the Second World War made clear that it was not just soldiers who needed protection.
The fourth Geneva Conventions, signed on August 12, 1949, demands that civilians be treated equally and humanely when caught up in battle or living under military occupation.
One crucial section banned occupying powers from forcibly displacing civilians or moving their population into captured territory.
At the same time, the treaties of 1864, 1906 and 1929 were updated to make a set of four Geneva Conventions that remain in force today.
The idea behind them is that “even when barbarism seems all around, human rights must prevail,” former UN secretary-general Ban Ki-moon said in 2009.
Modern warfare
In a post-9/11 world far removed from 1949, Mr Ban warned in the same speech that more thinking was needed about how the laws of war applied to non-state fighters.
Former US president George W Bush ordered Geneva's prisoner of war rules not to be applied to Al Qaeda, whose militants were deemed “unlawful combatants”.
One White House legal memo said the need to prevent terrorist attacks “renders obsolete” Geneva's limits on questioning prisoners. It said some of the rules were “quaint”.
But a kind of warfare more familiar to the framers of 1949 is playing out today as Ukraine and Russia's armies do battle and Israeli troops occupy Gaza and the West Bank.
The International Court of Justice ruled last month that Israel's settlements in the West Bank were in breach of Geneva's rules on population transfer.
Judges in The Hague also reminded “all states” that the risk of the conventions being breached should loom large over their arms exports to Israel.
Ms Spoljaric said the world “must recommit” to laws of war described as “principles of humanity” shared across societies and religions.
“Some states and armed groups have sought an increasingly expansive view of what is permissible,” she said.
“Where are the peacemakers? Where are the men and women leading the negotiations and preserving the space to do so?” .
Criminal risk
What are the consequences of a breach? When the Geneva Conventions were signed there was no permanent court that could bring war criminals to justice.
The Nuremberg trials of Nazi war criminals, which introduced the idea of crimes against humanity into law, were held by a special Allied tribunal. It was another one-off court, the criminal tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, that found Serb commanders guilty of the 1995 genocide of Bosnian Muslims at Srebrenica.
The Yugoslavia trials fuelled an appetite for a permanent court, leading in 2002 to the establishment of the International Criminal Court.
The war crimes covered by the ICC include “grave breaches” of the Geneva Conventions, for example killing or torturing people entitled to their protection.
Suspected war criminals have found themselves hauled into national courts in countries such as Germany and Switzerland under a principle of 'universal jurisdiction'.
“We've seen people being prosecuted for crimes committed in Liberia or Gambia who were not thinking that they would ever be prosecuted,” Prof Clapham said.
“They sought to live in Switzerland and then found themselves being prosecuted, the same as happened to Syrians in Germany, and there are prosecutions in Sweden, France and elsewhere.”
Gaza and Ukraine
Last year, the ICC issued an arrest warrant for Russian President Vladimir Putin over the alleged abduction of Ukrainian children.
This year, prosecutor Karim Khan applied for warrants for Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, its Defence Minister Yoav Gallant and three leaders of Hamas, of whom two are now dead.
Israel is accused of using starvation as a means of war in Gaza, including by blocking aid that the Geneva Conventions say must go to civilians.
Lawyers have repeatedly invoked the conventions in a back-and-forth over whether the case against the Israeli command can proceed.
While one argument is that only Israel can punish its citizens under a 1990s peace deal, pro-Palestinian lawyers counter that those accords are trumped by the Geneva Conventions.
The interim Oslo Accords “cannot diminish or prejudice the rights of those under occupation”, which are guaranteed the by Geneva Conventions, the Organisation of Islamic Co-operation said.
In a legal filing, the OIC went on to say that some states “apply double standards and support the brutal aggression against the Palestinian people, granting the Israeli occupation immunity”.
The perception of double standards is “very damaging, in the sense that there's a feeling of unfairness,” Prof Clapham said.
“The big test now is of course the request for arrest warrants against the Israeli Prime Minister and Minister of Defence, and how not just the ICC deals with it but how western states deal with it.
“Everything that they said about the arrest warrant for Putin somehow is then tempered when they talk about their allies. That is going to be a big test.”
The five pillars of Islam
Europa League group stage draw
Group A: Villarreal, Maccabi Tel Aviv, Astana, Slavia Prague.
Group B: Dynamo Kiev, Young Boys, Partizan Belgrade, Skenderbeu.
Group C: Sporting Braga, Ludogorets, Hoffenheim, Istanbul Basaksehir.
Group D: AC Milan, Austria Vienna , Rijeka, AEK Athens.
Group E: Lyon, Everton, Atalanta, Apollon Limassol.
Group F: FC Copenhagen, Lokomotiv Moscow, Sheriff Tiraspol, FC Zlin.
Group G: Vitoria Plzen, Steaua Bucarest, Hapoel Beer-Sheva, FC Lugano.
Group H: Arsenal, BATE Borisov, Cologne, Red Star Belgrade.
Group I: Salzburg, Marseille, Vitoria Guimaraes, Konyaspor.
Group J: Athletic Bilbao, Hertha Berlin, Zorya Luhansk, Ostersund.
Group K: Lazio, Nice, Zulte Waregem, Vitesse Arnhem.
Group L: Zenit St Petersburg, Real Sociedad, Rosenborg, Vardar
Players Selected for La Liga Trials
U18 Age Group
Name: Ahmed Salam (Malaga)
Position: Right Wing
Nationality: Jordanian
Name: Yahia Iraqi (Malaga)
Position: Left Wing
Nationality: Morocco
Name: Mohammed Bouherrafa (Almeria)
Position: Centre-Midfield
Nationality: French
Name: Mohammed Rajeh (Cadiz)
Position: Striker
Nationality: Jordanian
U16 Age Group
Name: Mehdi Elkhamlichi (Malaga)
Position: Lead Striker
Nationality: Morocco
Challenge Cup result:
1. UAE 3 faults
2. Ireland 9 faults
3. Brazil 11 faults
4. Spain 15 faults
5. Great Britain 17 faults
6. New Zealand 20 faults
7. Italy 26 faults
Dolittle
Director: Stephen Gaghan
Stars: Robert Downey Jr, Michael Sheen
One-and-a-half out of five stars
Gulf Under 19s final
Dubai College A 50-12 Dubai College B
EA Sports FC 26
Publisher: EA Sports
Consoles: PC, PlayStation 4/5, Xbox Series X/S
Rating: 3/5
Take Me Apart
Kelela
(Warp)
Tax authority targets shisha levy evasion
The Federal Tax Authority will track shisha imports with electronic markers to protect customers and ensure levies have been paid.
Khalid Ali Al Bustani, director of the tax authority, on Sunday said the move is to "prevent tax evasion and support the authority’s tax collection efforts".
The scheme’s first phase, which came into effect on 1st January, 2019, covers all types of imported and domestically produced and distributed cigarettes. As of May 1, importing any type of cigarettes without the digital marks will be prohibited.
He said the latest phase will see imported and locally produced shisha tobacco tracked by the final quarter of this year.
"The FTA also maintains ongoing communication with concerned companies, to help them adapt their systems to meet our requirements and coordinate between all parties involved," he said.
As with cigarettes, shisha was hit with a 100 per cent tax in October 2017, though manufacturers and cafes absorbed some of the costs to prevent prices doubling.
Various Artists
Habibi Funk: An Eclectic Selection Of Music From The Arab World (Habibi Funk)
PREMIER LEAGUE FIXTURES
All kick-off times UAE ( 4 GMT)
Saturday
Liverpool v Manchester United - 3.30pm
Burnley v West Ham United - 6pm
Crystal Palace v Chelsea - 6pm
Manchester City v Stoke City - 6pm
Swansea City v Huddersfield Town - 6pm
Tottenham Hotspur v Bournemouth - 6pm
Watford v Arsenal - 8.30pm
Sunday
Brighton and Hove Albion v Everton - 4.30pm
Southampton v Newcastle United - 7pm
Monday
Leicester City v West Bromwich Albion - 11pm
more from Janine di Giovanni
UAE currency: the story behind the money in your pockets
'Worse than a prison sentence'
Marie Byrne, a counsellor who volunteers at the UAE government's mental health crisis helpline, said the ordeal the crew had been through would take time to overcome.
“It was worse than a prison sentence, where at least someone can deal with a set amount of time incarcerated," she said.
“They were living in perpetual mystery as to how their futures would pan out, and what that would be.
“Because of coronavirus, the world is very different now to the one they left, that will also have an impact.
“It will not fully register until they are on dry land. Some have not seen their young children grow up while others will have to rebuild relationships.
“It will be a challenge mentally, and to find other work to support their families as they have been out of circulation for so long. Hopefully they will get the care they need when they get home.”
Who's who in Yemen conflict
Houthis: Iran-backed rebels who occupy Sanaa and run unrecognised government
Yemeni government: Exiled government in Aden led by eight-member Presidential Leadership Council
Southern Transitional Council: Faction in Yemeni government that seeks autonomy for the south
Habrish 'rebels': Tribal-backed forces feuding with STC over control of oil in government territory
SPECS
%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EEngine%3C%2Fstrong%3E%3A%202-litre%20direct%20injection%20turbo%20%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3ETransmission%3C%2Fstrong%3E%3A%207-speed%20automatic%20%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EPower%3C%2Fstrong%3E%3A%20261hp%20%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3ETorque%3C%2Fstrong%3E%3A%20400Nm%20%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EPrice%3C%2Fstrong%3E%3A%20From%20Dh134%2C999%26nbsp%3B%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
The%20specs
%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EEngine%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E2.3-litre%204cyl%20turbo%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EPower%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E299hp%20at%205%2C500rpm%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3ETorque%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E420Nm%20at%202%2C750rpm%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3ETransmission%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E10-speed%20auto%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EFuel%20consumption%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E12.4L%2F100km%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EOn%20sale%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3ENow%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EPrice%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3EFrom%20Dh157%2C395%20(XLS)%3B%20Dh199%2C395%20(Limited)%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
About Takalam
Date started: early 2020
Founders: Khawla Hammad and Inas Abu Shashieh
Based: Abu Dhabi
Sector: HealthTech and wellness
Number of staff: 4
Funding to date: Bootstrapped
TCL INFO
Teams:
Punjabi Legends Owners: Inzamam-ul-Haq and Intizar-ul-Haq; Key player: Misbah-ul-Haq
Pakhtoons Owners: Habib Khan and Tajuddin Khan; Key player: Shahid Afridi
Maratha Arabians Owners: Sohail Khan, Ali Tumbi, Parvez Khan; Key player: Virender Sehwag
Bangla Tigers Owners: Shirajuddin Alam, Yasin Choudhary, Neelesh Bhatnager, Anis and Rizwan Sajan; Key player: TBC
Colombo Lions Owners: Sri Lanka Cricket; Key player: TBC
Kerala Kings Owners: Hussain Adam Ali and Shafi Ul Mulk; Key player: Eoin Morgan
Venue Sharjah Cricket Stadium
Format 10 overs per side, matches last for 90 minutes
When December 14-17
The specs: Macan Turbo
Engine: Dual synchronous electric motors
Power: 639hp
Torque: 1,130Nm
Transmission: Single-speed automatic
Touring range: 591km
Price: From Dh412,500
On sale: Deliveries start in October
Brief scores:
Newcastle United 1
Perez 23'
Wolverhampton Rovers 2
Jota 17', Doherty 90' 4
Red cards: Yedlin 57'
Man of the Match: Diogo Jota (Wolves)
The%20specs
%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EEngine%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%201.8-litre%204-cyl%20turbo%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EPower%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E190hp%20at%205%2C200rpm%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3ETorque%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20320Nm%20from%201%2C800-5%2C000rpm%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3ETransmission%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3ESeven-speed%20dual-clutch%20auto%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EFuel%20consumption%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%206.7L%2F100km%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EPrice%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20From%20Dh111%2C195%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EOn%20sale%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3ENow%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
Semi-final fixtures
Portugal v Chile, 7pm, today
Germany v Mexico, 7pm, tomorrow
MOUNTAINHEAD REVIEW
Starring: Ramy Youssef, Steve Carell, Jason Schwartzman
Director: Jesse Armstrong
Rating: 3.5/5
From Europe to the Middle East, economic success brings wealth - and lifestyle diseases
A rise in obesity figures and the need for more public spending is a familiar trend in the developing world as western lifestyles are adopted.
One in five deaths around the world is now caused by bad diet, with obesity the fastest growing global risk. A high body mass index is also the top cause of metabolic diseases relating to death and disability in Kuwait, Qatar and Oman – and second on the list in Bahrain.
In Britain, heart disease, lung cancer and Alzheimer’s remain among the leading causes of death, and people there are spending more time suffering from health problems.
The UK is expected to spend $421.4 billion on healthcare by 2040, up from $239.3 billion in 2014.
And development assistance for health is talking about the financial aid given to governments to support social, environmental development of developing countries.
WOMAN AND CHILD
Director: Saeed Roustaee
Starring: Parinaz Izadyar, Payman Maadi
Rating: 4/5
Lexus LX700h specs
Engine: 3.4-litre twin-turbo V6 plus supplementary electric motor
Power: 464hp at 5,200rpm
Torque: 790Nm from 2,000-3,600rpm
Transmission: 10-speed auto
Fuel consumption: 11.7L/100km
On sale: Now
Price: From Dh590,000
The%C2%A0specs%20
%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EEngine%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3Etwo%20permanent%20magnet%20synchronous%20motors%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3ETransmission%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3Etwo-speed%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EPower%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E625hp%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3ETorque%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E850Nm%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3ERange%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E456km%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EPrice%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3Efrom%20Dh737%2C480%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EOn%20sale%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3Enow%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
More from Armen Sarkissian
Essentials
The flights
Emirates and Etihad fly direct from the UAE to Los Angeles, from Dh4,975 return, including taxes. The flight time is 16 hours. Alaska Airlines, United Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Aeromexico and Southwest all fly direct from Los Angeles to San Jose del Cabo from Dh1,243 return, including taxes. The flight time is two-and-a-half hours.
The trip
Lindblad Expeditions National Geographic’s eight-day Whales Wilderness itinerary costs from US$6,190 (Dh22,736) per person, twin share, including meals, accommodation and excursions, with departures in March and April 2018.
The biog
Year of birth: 1988
Place of birth: Baghdad
Education: PhD student and co-researcher at Greifswald University, Germany
Hobbies: Ping Pong, swimming, reading
Nayanthara: Beyond The Fairy Tale
Starring: Nayanthara, Vignesh Shivan, Radhika Sarathkumar, Nagarjuna Akkineni
Director: Amith Krishnan
Rating: 3.5/5
Your Guide to the Home
- Level 1 has a valet service if you choose not to park in the basement level. This level houses all the kitchenware, including covetable brand French Bull, along with a wide array of outdoor furnishings, lamps and lighting solutions, textiles like curtains, towels, cushions and bedding, and plenty of other home accessories.
- Level 2 features curated inspiration zones and solutions for bedrooms, living rooms and dining spaces. This is also where you’d go to customise your sofas and beds, and pick and choose from more than a dozen mattress options.
- Level 3 features The Home’s “man cave” set-up and a display of industrial and rustic furnishings. This level also has a mother’s room, a play area for children with staff to watch over the kids, furniture for nurseries and children’s rooms, and the store’s design studio.
UAE currency: the story behind the money in your pockets
The biog
Family: wife, four children, 11 grandchildren, 16 great-grandchildren
Reads: Newspapers, historical, religious books and biographies
Education: High school in Thatta, a city now in Pakistan
Regrets: Not completing college in Karachi when universities were shut down following protests by freedom fighters for the British to quit India
Happiness: Work on creative ideas, you will also need ideals to make people happy
THE APPRENTICE
Director: Ali Abbasi
Starring: Sebastian Stan, Maria Bakalova, Jeremy Strong
Rating: 3/5
WHAT%20ARE%20THE%20PRODUCTS%20WITHIN%20THE%20THREE%20MAJOR%20CATEGORIES%3F
%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EAdvanced%20materials%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20specifically%20engineered%20to%20exhibit%20novel%20or%20enhanced%20properties%2C%20that%20confer%20superior%20performance%20relative%20to%20conventional%20materials%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EAdvanced%20components%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20includes%20semiconductor%20components%2C%20such%20as%20microprocessors%20and%20other%20computer%20chips%2C%20and%20computer%20vision%20components%20such%20as%20lenses%20and%20image%20sensors%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EAdvanced%20products%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20includes%20personal%20electronics%2C%20smart%20home%20devices%20and%20space%20technologies%2C%20along%20with%20industry-enabling%20products%20such%20as%20robots%2C%203D%20printing%20equipment%20and%20exoskeletons%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cem%3ESource%3A%20Strategy%26amp%3B%3C%2Fem%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
More coverage from the Future Forum
Sweet%20Tooth
%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3ECreator%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3EJim%20Mickle%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EStarring%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3EChristian%20Convery%2C%20Nonso%20Anozie%2C%20Adeel%20Akhtar%2C%20Stefania%20LaVie%20Owen%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3ERating%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E2.5%2F5%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
