Mutations – mistakes in the copying of genetic material – are not the freak events of science fiction. In fact, they are very common. Mutations occur in the cells of every individual as he or she grows older. And they are happening all the time. While you are reading this article, for example, you will have undergone tens of thousands of mutations.
"Historically people looked for mutations in fruit flies and plants, which happened very rarely," says Steve Jones, Professor of Genetics at University College London.
"When you start looking at DNA directly, the mutation rate turns out to be very high."
Chemistry can, to some extent, explain mutations. DNA, the molecule which codes genetic information, is very long and very complex. When it copies itself, it makes mistakes.
DNA is made up of two strands wound together in a spiral, the famous double helix discovered by scientists James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. It replicates itself by creating two new double helices, each made up of one old strand and one new strand. Enzymes compare the strands and correct the mistakes, a process known as "proofreading".
But these repair enzymes do not correct all the mistakes. There, as they say, is the rub. "If the repair enzymes can put 99 per cent of them right, why don't they put all of them right? There's a lot of argument about the evolution of the mutation rate," says Professor Jones. Every organism passes these mistakes on to their offspring.
These mutations are very common and most seem to have very little affect on an organism's ability to survive.
As Professor Jones says: "Are most mutations just accidental noise in the system, crackles on a radio set – they don't make much difference? There's a very convenient assumption that that's true."
When a mutation does observably change an organism, the result is, simply put, random. But that is not the whole story.
"Is it like dropping a cup?" Jones asks. "Will it shatter into a random selection of pieces, or is it in some ways directed? The short answer is that they do happen at random. There are some quite sophisticated things to suggest otherwise, but that's so tangled a tale, it is better to imagine that they happen at random."
So, for example, putting mice in a cold environment will not necessarily lead to offspring with thicker fur.
More often than not, mutations will hinder an organism's ability to survive. Only now and again will mutation produce a beneficial change.
Natural selection weeds out the good from the bad. Over time the proportion of organisms with the beneficial mutated gene will increase until the gene becomes the norm in the population.
In other words, mutation offers a range of genetic variation and natural selection acts upon it.
Looked at in this way, the "mistakes" of mutation, the flaws in the system, become the keys to survival in an ever-changing world, one of the reasons myriad organisms have evolved from primordial soup.
But genetics is a young science. The significance of Gregor Mendel's discovery of the laws of heredity was not appreciated in a genetic context until the turn of the 20th century. Watson and Crick discovered the molecular structure of DNA just over 50 years later and the mapping of the human genome was not completed until near the end of the 20th century.
Our understanding of mutation is continually evolving.
"One of the striking findings recently," says Professor Jones, "is that the most powerful agent of mutation isn't X-rays or chemicals in the diet, it's the age of parents, particularly the age of fathers. Older fathers pass on much more damaged DNA than younger fathers."
"Old", in this case, is over 25 years old.
The mutation of any gene favours the population to the detriment of the individual, but genetics has already started to change all that.
Gene analysis promises to change it further. This brave new technology offers glimpses into how what we inherit genetically from our parents could shape our lives.
Some people's genes strongly predispose them to breast cancer or heart disease. Knowing this information can be vital. Genetic screening tests allow individuals to pinpoint possible problems and act to reduce the risks.
One recent, well-publicised example is the case of Masha Gessen, the foreign correspondent and author. When she discovered that she carried a mutation in the BRCA1 gene that increased her probability of developing breast cancer to more than 85 per cent, she decided to have a full mastectomy to reduce the risk.
"I belong to a generation that grew up believing we were shaped by love, care, or lack of it," she writes in her book, Blood Matters. "But now we will go to our graves believing that it is a combination of letters in our genetic code that determines how we get there and when."
Using our genes to predict exactly how and when each of us will die is a long way off. "In general, genetics has always been the science of the extreme," says Professor Jones. "Rare forms of breast cancer. Rare forms of heart disease."
The gene genie does not hold all the cards. In fact much of how we age is down to lifestyle.
"The strongest predictor of your life expectancy globally is your parents' income," says Professor Jones. "In Britain, there is a 10-year difference in life expectancy between the poorest postcode, which is in Scotland, and the richest postcode, which is in Surrey. That is a huge difference."
Don't smoke. Drink less. Exercise more. Avoid fatty foods. For the moment these lifestyle choices are important in determining how long we will live and how healthy we will be.
"Once you get everybody entirely educated, eating an entirely healthy diet and wearing a seat belt," says Professor Jones, "then the genes may become important."
rcarroll@thenational.ae
Company%20profile
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Jigra
Starring: Alia Bhatt, Vedang Raina, Manoj Pahwa, Harsh Singh
SPECS
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MATCH INFO
Euro 2020 qualifier
Croatia v Hungary, Thursday, 10.45pm, UAE
TV: Match on BeIN Sports
SPECS
Engine: Two-litre four-cylinder turbo
Power: 235hp
Torque: 350Nm
Transmission: Nine-speed automatic
Price: From Dh167,500 ($45,000)
On sale: Now
How to protect yourself when air quality drops
Install an air filter in your home.
Close your windows and turn on the AC.
Shower or bath after being outside.
Wear a face mask.
Stay indoors when conditions are particularly poor.
If driving, turn your engine off when stationary.
THE SPECS
Engine: 1.5-litre
Transmission: 6-speed automatic
Power: 110 horsepower
Torque: 147Nm
Price: From Dh59,700
On sale: now
ABU%20DHABI'S%20KEY%20TOURISM%20GOALS%3A%20BY%20THE%20NUMBERS
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2018 ICC World Twenty20 Asian Western Sub Regional Qualifier
Event info: The tournament in Kuwait this month is the first phase of the qualifying process for sides from Asia for the 2020 World T20 in Australia. The UAE must finish within the top three teams out of the six at the competition to advance to the Asia regional finals. Success at regional finals would mean progression to the World T20 Qualifier.
UAE’s fixtures: Fri Apr 20, UAE v Qatar; Sat Apr 21, UAE v Saudi Arabia; Mon Apr 23, UAE v Bahrain; Tue Apr 24, UAE v Maldives; Thu Apr 26, UAE v Kuwait
World T20 2020 Qualifying process:
- Sixteen teams will play at the World T20 in two years’ time.
- Australia have already qualified as hosts
- Nine places are available to the top nine ranked sides in the ICC’s T20i standings, not including Australia, on Dec 31, 2018.
- The final six teams will be decided by a 14-team World T20 Qualifier.
World T20 standings: 1 Pakistan; 2 Australia; 3 India; 4 New Zealand; 5 England; 6 South Africa; 7 West Indies; 8 Sri Lanka; 9 Afghanistan; 10 Bangladesh; 11 Scotland; 12 Zimbabwe; 13 UAE; 14 Netherlands; 15 Hong Kong; 16 Papua New Guinea; 17 Oman; 18 Ireland
Venom
Director: Ruben Fleischer
Cast: Tom Hardy, Michelle Williams, Riz Ahmed
Rating: 1.5/5
Singham Again
Director: Rohit Shetty
Stars: Ajay Devgn, Kareena Kapoor Khan, Ranveer Singh, Akshay Kumar, Tiger Shroff, Deepika Padukone
Rating: 3/5
Euro 2020
Group A: Italy, Switzerland, Wales, Turkey
Group B: Belgium, Russia, Denmark, Finland
Group C: Netherlands, Ukraine, Austria,
Georgia/Kosovo/Belarus/North Macedonia
Group D: England, Croatia, Czech Republic,
Scotland/Israel/Norway/Serbia
Group E: Spain, Poland, Sweden,
N.Ireland/Bosnia/Slovakia/Ireland
Group F: Germany, France, Portugal,
Iceland/Romania/Bulgaria/Hungary
Killing of Qassem Suleimani
COMPANY PROFILE
Founders: Alhaan Ahmed, Alyina Ahmed and Maximo Tettamanzi
Total funding: Self funded
Thank You for Banking with Us
Director: Laila Abbas
Starring: Yasmine Al Massri, Clara Khoury, Kamel El Basha, Ashraf Barhoum
Rating: 4/5
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MATCH INFO
Manchester United 2
(Martial 30', McTominay 90 6')
Manchester City 0
The%20Super%20Mario%20Bros%20Movie
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The Laughing Apple
Yusuf/Cat Stevens
(Verve Decca Crossover)
COMPANY PROFILE
Name: HyperSpace
Started: 2020
Founders: Alexander Heller, Rama Allen and Desi Gonzalez
Based: Dubai, UAE
Sector: Entertainment
Number of staff: 210
Investment raised: $75 million from investors including Galaxy Interactive, Riyadh Season, Sega Ventures and Apis Venture Partners
The specs
Engine: 2.7-litre 4-cylinder Turbomax
Power: 310hp
Torque: 583Nm
Transmission: 8-speed automatic
Price: From Dh192,500
On sale: Now
Bio
Age: 25
Town: Al Diqdaqah – Ras Al Khaimah
Education: Bachelors degree in mechanical engineering
Favourite colour: White
Favourite place in the UAE: Downtown Dubai
Favourite book: A Life in Administration by Ghazi Al Gosaibi.
First owned baking book: How to Be a Domestic Goddess by Nigella Lawson.
Step by step
2070km to run
38 days
273,600 calories consumed
28kg of fruit
40kg of vegetables
45 pairs of running shoes
1 yoga matt
1 oxygen chamber
Name: Brendalle Belaza
From: Crossing Rubber, Philippines
Arrived in the UAE: 2007
Favourite place in Abu Dhabi: NYUAD campus
Favourite photography style: Street photography
Favourite book: Harry Potter
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How to play the stock market recovery in 2021?
If you are looking to build your long-term wealth in 2021 and beyond, the stock market is still the best place to do it as equities powered on despite the pandemic.
Investing in individual stocks is not for everyone and most private investors should stick to mutual funds and ETFs, but there are some thrilling opportunities for those who understand the risks.
Peter Garnry, head of equity strategy at Saxo Bank, says the 20 best-performing US and European stocks have delivered an average return year-to-date of 148 per cent, measured in local currency terms.
Online marketplace Etsy was the best performer with a return of 330.6 per cent, followed by communications software company Sinch (315.4 per cent), online supermarket HelloFresh (232.8 per cent) and fuel cells specialist NEL (191.7 per cent).
Mr Garnry says digital companies benefited from the lockdown, while green energy firms flew as efforts to combat climate change were ramped up, helped in part by the European Union’s green deal.
Electric car company Tesla would be on the list if it had been part of the S&P 500 Index, but it only joined on December 21. “Tesla has become one of the most valuable companies in the world this year as demand for electric vehicles has grown dramatically,” Mr Garnry says.
By contrast, the 20 worst-performing European stocks fell 54 per cent on average, with European banks hit by the economic fallout from the pandemic, while cruise liners and airline stocks suffered due to travel restrictions.
As demand for energy fell, the oil and gas industry had a tough year, too.
Mr Garnry says the biggest story this year was the “absolute crunch” in so-called value stocks, companies that trade at low valuations compared to their earnings and growth potential.
He says they are “heavily tilted towards financials, miners, energy, utilities and industrials, which have all been hit hard by the Covid-19 pandemic”. “The last year saw these cheap stocks become cheaper and expensive stocks have become more expensive.”
This has triggered excited talk about the “great value rotation” but Mr Garnry remains sceptical. “We need to see a breakout of interest rates combined with higher inflation before we join the crowd.”
Always remember that past performance is not a guarantee of future returns. Last year’s winners often turn out to be this year’s losers, and vice-versa.
EMERGENCY PHONE NUMBERS
Estijaba – 8001717 – number to call to request coronavirus testing
Ministry of Health and Prevention – 80011111
Dubai Health Authority – 800342 – The number to book a free video or voice consultation with a doctor or connect to a local health centre
Emirates airline – 600555555
Etihad Airways – 600555666
Ambulance – 998
Knowledge and Human Development Authority – 8005432 ext. 4 for Covid-19 queries
COMPANY PROFILE
● Company: Bidzi
● Started: 2024
● Founders: Akshay Dosaj and Asif Rashid
● Based: Dubai, UAE
● Industry: M&A
● Funding size: Bootstrapped
● No of employees: Nine
COMPANY%20PROFILE
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The%C2%A0specs%20
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