Meta, the parent company of Facebook and Instagram, recently updated its hate speech guidelines to remove posts aimed at Zionists when the term is deemed to be used in a discriminatory manner against Jewish people and Israelis rather than solely referring to supporters of the political movement.
This revision comes amid continuing public scrutiny, particularly on social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram and X, as discussions about the Hamas attack on October 7 and Israel's subsequent war on the Gaza Strip continue into their tenth month.
“After hearing input and looking at research from different perspectives, we will now remove speech targeting Zionists in several areas where our process showed that the speech tends to be used to refer to Jews and Israelis with dehumanising comparisons, calls for harm or denials of existence,” read Meta's blog post on the company's “transparency centre” website.
In an unrelated news release back in February, the technology company explained that it was making use of artificial intelligence in part to help identify and combat hate speech.
However, it remains to be seen just how effective AI is when it comes to flagging instances of hate speech while also distinguishing such cases from legitimate criticism of political movements.
In Meta's blog post on the updated policy, it acknowledged that it was seeking advice from the company's independent oversight board, to provide guidance on more complicated posts.
“We look forward to any guidance the board may provide,” the blog post read.
Bassant Hassib, a non-resident scholar at the Middle East Institute’s Strategic Technologies and Cyber Security Programme, said social media platforms often use AI to manage large volumes of content beyond human capacity efficiently.
However, Ms Hassib told The National that the issue extended beyond the sheer scale of moderation.
She emphasised that heavy reliance on AI introduces some risks to the content moderation process.
“There’s a fine line between categorising something as hate speech versus respecting freedom of expression,” she noted, adding that it is unclear whether AI can adequately distinguish between hate speech and freedom of expression accurately.
Mustafa Jarrar, professor of AI studies at Birzeit University in Palestine, said AI was capable of detecting the difference between hate speech and criticism of political movements if the data sets fed to these models were accurate.
For Meta’s AI to effectively detect hate speech, the company would need to manually collect hundreds of thousands of posts containing expressions of hate speech, expressions of support and critiques related to Zionism, he told The National.
He said each post would need to be classified manually before being incorporated into the language model’s training data.
However, Prof Jarrar pointed out that if the people categorising these posts harbour personal biases or subconscious agendas, those biases could unintentionally affect the language model, leading to biased results.
“So, for instance, if you label a statement like ‘Palestinians are good’ as hate speech, then the model will classify every similar sentence as such,” he said.
Ms Hassib also said Meta’s update with regard to hate speech labelling could prove impractical in practice.
“Hate speech’s definition evolves and varies depending on the context and the group defining it,” she said.
“There is no universal consensus on what constitutes hate speech, underscoring the importance of who decides or defines it.”
Ultimately, the determination of what constitutes hate speech is intertwined with global power dynamics and societal hierarchies, she said.
“Those in positions of power – political, social, racial, or gender-based – shape these definitions,” Ms Hassib said.
Unintentional biases
Prof Jarrar added that bias in language models often originated from two main reasons: biased training data and unintentional biases introduced during data collection and data set creation.
“If you train a language model using content gathered in Hebrew, the model will be biased against Palestinians because the original text itself is biased,” he said.
Prof Jarrar said he developed an AI model to detect hate speech in Hebrew that was posted on X before the October 7 attack.
“Eighty per cent of the content written in Hebrew was hate speech directed towards Palestinians,” he said.
Prof Jarrar said that when Khaled Mansour, a member of Meta’s oversight board, was asked about detecting potential hate speech in Hebrew at the 2023 Future of Media and Communication Forum in Jordan, he responded by claiming that the technology was not sufficiently developed for the language.
“Which is untrue. They can address it effectively but have chosen not to prioritise it,” Prof Jarrar said.
Starting with a balanced data set and adhering to clear annotation or classification guidelines that accurately define what constitutes hate speech or specific terms is crucial to ensuring an unbiased model, he said.
“If you establish accurate and equitable definitions from the outset and classify content accordingly, the model will reflect fairness,” he said.
However, biased definitions will lead to biased content within the model, he added.
Meanwhile, Ms Hassib questioned Meta’s data sources, asking: “Does the data primarily come from sources that lean towards conservative or right-wing ideologies, or is it collected from diverse sources representative of all segments of society?”.
Meta is no stranger to criticism as to how it handles content involving the Middle East, and those criticisms have escalated since October 7, with rights groups accusing the company of suppressing content supportive of Palestinians on Facebook and Instagram.
Human Rights Watch, for example, has highlighted Meta’s policies for silencing voices advocating for Palestine and Palestinian human rights on platforms such as Instagram and Facebook.
This censorship intensified during a clampdown on social media following escalating violence between Israeli forces and Palestinian armed groups from October 7, the HRW said in a blog post.
Shadow-banning
Prof Jarrar and Ms Hassib fear that despite Meta’s ambitious data collection efforts, the information used to train AI models may still contain biases, potentially leading to biased outcomes from the technology itself.
“Meta has an agenda against Palestinians which is clear from their behaviour of 'shadow-banning' any pro-Palestinian or Arabic content,” Prof Jarrar said.
Ms Hassib also said that incidents showed companies such as Meta, X and YouTube had significantly intensified AI-based content moderation, shadow banning or content demotion over the past year, especially since October 7.
Human Rights Watch also documented over 1,050 instances of takedowns and other suppression of content – predominantly posts by Palestinians and their supporters discussing human rights abuses – on Instagram and Facebook between October and November 2023.
Ms Hassib noted that users from the Middle East and those living abroad had frequently made claims about Meta using AI to shadow-ban pro-Palestine content.
“Even when they do not explicitly mention Jews or Israelis but instead criticise Zionist actions or Israeli activities in Palestine, their posts are hidden from other platform users,” Ms Hassib said.
“Meta justifies this suppression by equating any reference to Zionism with anti-Semitism.”
Ms Hassib said many researchers believed AI’s role in content moderation involves significant technical and ethical risks.
“While the machine may flag something as hate speech, the ultimate decision to remove or demote content should rest with a human,” she said.
The National has reached out to Meta for comments but the company has not yet responded.
Armies of Sand
By Kenneth Pollack (Oxford University Press)
UPI facts
More than 2.2 million Indian tourists arrived in UAE in 2023
More than 3.5 million Indians reside in UAE
Indian tourists can make purchases in UAE using rupee accounts in India through QR-code-based UPI real-time payment systems
Indian residents in UAE can use their non-resident NRO and NRE accounts held in Indian banks linked to a UAE mobile number for UPI transactions
Brief scores:
Arsenal 4
Xhaka 25', Lacazette 55', Ramsey 79', Aubameyang 83'
Fulham 1
Kamara 69'
In numbers: PKK’s money network in Europe
Germany: PKK collectors typically bring in $18 million in cash a year – amount has trebled since 2010
Revolutionary tax: Investigators say about $2 million a year raised from ‘tax collection’ around Marseille
Extortion: Gunman convicted in 2023 of demanding $10,000 from Kurdish businessman in Stockholm
Drug trade: PKK income claimed by Turkish anti-drugs force in 2024 to be as high as $500 million a year
Denmark: PKK one of two terrorist groups along with Iranian separatists ASMLA to raise “two-digit million amounts”
Contributions: Hundreds of euros expected from typical Kurdish families and thousands from business owners
TV channel: Kurdish Roj TV accounts frozen and went bankrupt after Denmark fined it more than $1 million over PKK links in 2013
Brief scores:
Day 1
Toss: South Africa, field first
Pakistan (1st innings) 177: Sarfraz 56, Masood 44; Olivier 4-48
South Africa (1st innings) 123-2: Markram 78; Masood 1-4
How tumultuous protests grew
- A fuel tax protest by French drivers appealed to wider anti-government sentiment
- Unlike previous French demonstrations there was no trade union or organised movement involved
- Demonstrators responded to online petitions and flooded squares to block traffic
- At its height there were almost 300,000 on the streets in support
- Named after the high visibility jackets that drivers must keep in cars
- Clashes soon turned violent as thousands fought with police at cordons
- An estimated two dozen people lost eyes and many others were admitted to hospital
TECH%20SPECS%3A%20APPLE%20WATCH%20SERIES%208
%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EDisplay%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%2041mm%2C%20352%20x%20430%3B%2045mm%2C%20396%20x%20484%3B%20Retina%20LTPO%20OLED%2C%20up%20to%201000%20nits%2C%20always-on%3B%20Ion-X%20glass%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EProcessor%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20Apple%20S8%2C%20W3%20wireless%2C%20U1%20ultra-wideband%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3ECapacity%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%2032GB%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EMemory%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%201GB%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EPlatform%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20watchOS%209%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EHealth%20metrics%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%203rd-gen%20heart%20rate%20sensor%2C%20temperature%20sensing%2C%20ECG%2C%20blood%20oxygen%2C%20workouts%2C%20fall%2Fcrash%20detection%3B%20emergency%20SOS%2C%20international%20emergency%20calling%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EConnectivity%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20GPS%2FGPS%20%2B%20cellular%3B%20Wi-Fi%2C%20LTE%2C%20Bluetooth%205.3%2C%20NFC%20(Apple%20Pay)%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EDurability%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20IP6X%2C%20water%20resistant%20up%20to%2050m%2C%20dust%20resistant%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EBattery%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20308mAh%20Li-ion%2C%20up%20to%2018h%2C%20wireless%20charging%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3ECards%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20eSIM%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EFinishes%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20Aluminium%20%E2%80%93%20midnight%2C%20Product%20Red%2C%20silver%2C%20starlight%3B%20stainless%20steel%20%E2%80%93%20gold%2C%20graphite%2C%20silver%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EIn%20the%20box%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20Watch%20Series%208%2C%20magnetic-to-USB-C%20charging%20cable%2C%20band%2Floop%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EPrice%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20Starts%20at%20Dh1%2C599%20(41mm)%20%2F%20Dh1%2C999%20(45mm)%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
'The Coddling of the American Mind: How Good Intentions and Bad Ideas are Setting up a Generation for Failure'
Greg Lukianoff and Jonathan Haidt, Penguin Randomhouse
The specs: McLaren 600LT
Price, base: Dh914,000
Engine: 3.8-litre twin-turbo V8
Transmission: Seven-speed automatic
Power: 600hp @ 7,500rpm
Torque: 620Nm @ 5,500rpm
Fuel economy 12.2.L / 100km
Learn more about Qasr Al Hosn
In 2013, The National's History Project went beyond the walls to see what life was like living in Abu Dhabi's fabled fort:
Iraq negotiating over Iran sanctions impact
- US sanctions on Iran’s energy industry and exports took effect on Monday, November 5.
- Washington issued formal waivers to eight buyers of Iranian oil, allowing them to continue limited imports. Iraq did not receive a waiver.
- Iraq’s government is cooperating with the US to contain Iranian influence in the country, and increased Iraqi oil production is helping to make up for Iranian crude that sanctions are blocking from markets, US officials say.
- Iraq, the second-biggest producer in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, pumped last month at a record 4.78 million barrels a day, former Oil Minister Jabbar Al-Luaibi said on Oct. 20. Iraq exported 3.83 million barrels a day last month, according to tanker tracking and data from port agents.
- Iraq has been working to restore production at its northern Kirkuk oil field. Kirkuk could add 200,000 barrels a day of oil to Iraq’s total output, Hook said.
- The country stopped trucking Kirkuk oil to Iran about three weeks ago, in line with U.S. sanctions, according to four people with knowledge of the matter who asked not to be identified because they aren’t allowed to speak to media.
- Oil exports from Iran, OPEC’s third-largest supplier, have slumped since President Donald Trump announced in May that he’d reimpose sanctions. Iran shipped about 1.76 million barrels a day in October out of 3.42 million in total production, data compiled by Bloomberg show.
- Benchmark Brent crude fell 47 cents to $72.70 a barrel in London trading at 7:26 a.m. local time. U.S. West Texas Intermediate was 25 cents lower at $62.85 a barrel in New York. WTI held near the lowest level in seven months as concerns of a tightening market eased after the U.S. granted its waivers to buyers of Iranian crude.
Teaching your child to save
Pre-school (three - five years)
You can’t yet talk about investing or borrowing, but introduce a “classic” money bank and start putting gifts and allowances away. When the child wants a specific toy, have them save for it and help them track their progress.
Early childhood (six - eight years)
Replace the money bank with three jars labelled ‘saving’, ‘spending’ and ‘sharing’. Have the child divide their allowance into the three jars each week and explain their choices in splitting their pocket money. A guide could be 25 per cent saving, 50 per cent spending, 25 per cent for charity and gift-giving.
Middle childhood (nine - 11 years)
Open a bank savings account and help your child establish a budget and set a savings goal. Introduce the notion of ‘paying yourself first’ by putting away savings as soon as your allowance is paid.
Young teens (12 - 14 years)
Change your child’s allowance from weekly to monthly and help them pinpoint long-range goals such as a trip, so they can start longer-term saving and find new ways to increase their saving.
Teenage (15 - 18 years)
Discuss mutual expectations about university costs and identify what they can help fund and set goals. Don’t pay for everything, so they can experience the pride of contributing.
Young adulthood (19 - 22 years)
Discuss post-graduation plans and future life goals, quantify expenses such as first apartment, work wardrobe, holidays and help them continue to save towards these goals.
* JP Morgan Private Bank
Our legal consultant
Name: Hassan Mohsen Elhais
Position: legal consultant with Al Rowaad Advocates and Legal Consultants.
Blackpink World Tour [Born Pink] In Cinemas
Starring: Rose, Jisoo, Jennie, Lisa
Directors: Min Geun, Oh Yoon-Dong
Rating: 3/5
Mercer, the investment consulting arm of US services company Marsh & McLennan, expects its wealth division to at least double its assets under management (AUM) in the Middle East as wealth in the region continues to grow despite economic headwinds, a company official said.
Mercer Wealth, which globally has $160 billion in AUM, plans to boost its AUM in the region to $2-$3bn in the next 2-3 years from the present $1bn, said Yasir AbuShaban, a Dubai-based principal with Mercer Wealth.
“Within the next two to three years, we are looking at reaching $2 to $3 billion as a conservative estimate and we do see an opportunity to do so,” said Mr AbuShaban.
Mercer does not directly make investments, but allocates clients’ money they have discretion to, to professional asset managers. They also provide advice to clients.
“We have buying power. We can negotiate on their (client’s) behalf with asset managers to provide them lower fees than they otherwise would have to get on their own,” he added.
Mercer Wealth’s clients include sovereign wealth funds, family offices, and insurance companies among others.
From its office in Dubai, Mercer also looks after Africa, India and Turkey, where they also see opportunity for growth.
Wealth creation in Middle East and Africa (MEA) grew 8.5 per cent to $8.1 trillion last year from $7.5tn in 2015, higher than last year’s global average of 6 per cent and the second-highest growth in a region after Asia-Pacific which grew 9.9 per cent, according to consultancy Boston Consulting Group (BCG). In the region, where wealth grew just 1.9 per cent in 2015 compared with 2014, a pickup in oil prices has helped in wealth generation.
BCG is forecasting MEA wealth will rise to $12tn by 2021, growing at an annual average of 8 per cent.
Drivers of wealth generation in the region will be split evenly between new wealth creation and growth of performance of existing assets, according to BCG.
Another general trend in the region is clients’ looking for a comprehensive approach to investing, according to Mr AbuShaban.
“Institutional investors or some of the families are seeing a slowdown in the available capital they have to invest and in that sense they are looking at optimizing the way they manage their portfolios and making sure they are not investing haphazardly and different parts of their investment are working together,” said Mr AbuShaban.
Some clients also have a higher appetite for risk, given the low interest-rate environment that does not provide enough yield for some institutional investors. These clients are keen to invest in illiquid assets, such as private equity and infrastructure.
“What we have seen is a desire for higher returns in what has been a low-return environment specifically in various fixed income or bonds,” he said.
“In this environment, we have seen a de facto increase in the risk that clients are taking in things like illiquid investments, private equity investments, infrastructure and private debt, those kind of investments were higher illiquidity results in incrementally higher returns.”
The Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, one of the largest sovereign wealth funds, said in its 2016 report that has gradually increased its exposure in direct private equity and private credit transactions, mainly in Asian markets and especially in China and India. The authority’s private equity department focused on structured equities owing to “their defensive characteristics.”
Our family matters legal consultant
Name: Hassan Mohsen Elhais
Position: legal consultant with Al Rowaad Advocates and Legal Consultants.
COMPANY%20PROFILE
%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EName%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3ESmartCrowd%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EStarted%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E2018%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EFounder%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3ESiddiq%20Farid%20and%20Musfique%20Ahmed%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EBased%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3EDubai%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3ESector%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3EFinTech%20%2F%20PropTech%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EInitial%20investment%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E%24650%2C000%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3ECurrent%20number%20of%20staff%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%2035%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EInvestment%20stage%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3ESeries%20A%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EInvestors%3A%20%3C%2Fstrong%3EVarious%20institutional%20investors%20and%20notable%20angel%20investors%20(500%20MENA%2C%20Shurooq%2C%20Mada%2C%20Seedstar%2C%20Tricap)%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
White hydrogen: Naturally occurring hydrogen
Chromite: Hard, metallic mineral containing iron oxide and chromium oxide
Ultramafic rocks: Dark-coloured rocks rich in magnesium or iron with very low silica content
Ophiolite: A section of the earth’s crust, which is oceanic in nature that has since been uplifted and exposed on land
Olivine: A commonly occurring magnesium iron silicate mineral that derives its name for its olive-green yellow-green colour
