A handful of coins unearthed from a pick-your-own fruit orchard in rural Rhode Island and other random corners of New England may help to solve one of the planet's oldest cold cases.
The villain in this tale: a murderous English pirate who became the world's most wanted criminal after plundering a ship carrying Muslim pilgrims home to India from Makkah, then eluded capture by posing as a slave trader.
“It's a new history of a nearly perfect crime,” said Jim Bailey, an amateur historian and metal detectorist who found the first intact 17th-century Arabian coin in a meadow in Middletown.
That ancient pocket change – the oldest yet found in North America – could explain how pirate Capt Henry Every vanished into the wind.
On September 7, 1695, the pirate ship Fancy, commanded by Every, ambushed and captured the Ganj-i-Sawai, a royal vessel owned by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, at the time one of the world's most powerful men. Aboard were not only the faithful returning from their pilgrimage, but tens of millions of dollars in gold and silver.
What followed was one of the most lucrative and heinous robberies of all time.
Historical accounts say his band tortured and killed the men aboard the ship and raped the women before escaping to the Bahamas, a haven for pirates. But word quickly spread of their crimes, and English King William III – under enormous pressure from a scandalised India and the East India Company – put a large bounty on their heads.
“If you google ‘first worldwide manhunt’, it comes up as Every,” Mr Bailey said. “Everybody was looking for these guys.”
Until now, historians knew only that Every eventually sailed to Ireland in 1696, where the trail went cold. But Mr Bailey says the coins he and others found are evidence the notorious pirate first made his way to the American colonies, where he and his crew used the plunder for day-to-day expenses while on the run.
The first complete coin surfaced in 2014 at Sweet Berry Farm in Middletown, in the state of Rhode Island, a spot that had piqued Mr Bailey's curiosity two years earlier after he found old colonial coins, an 18th-century shoe buckle and some musket balls.
Waving a metal detector over the soil, he got a signal, dug down and hit literal pay dirt: a darkened, small silver coin he initially assumed was either Spanish or money minted by the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Peering closer, the Arabic text on the coin got his pulse racing. “I thought, ‘Oh, my God’,” he said.
Research confirmed the exotic coin was minted in 1693 in Yemen. That immediately raised questions, Mr Bailey said, since there was no evidence that American colonists struggling to eke out a living in the New World travelled to anywhere in the Middle East to trade until decades later.
Since then, other detectorists unearthed 15 additional Arabian coins from the same era – 10 in Massachusetts, three in Rhode Island and two in Connecticut. Another was found in North Carolina, where records show some of Every's men first came ashore.
"It seems like some of his crew were able to settle in New England and integrate," said Sarah Sportman, state archaeologist for Connecticut, where one of the coins was found in 2018 at the excavation of a 17th-century farm site.
“It was almost like a money laundering scheme,” she said.
Although it sounds unthinkable now, Every was able to hide in plain sight by posing as a slave trader – an emerging profession in 1690s New England. On his way to the Bahamas, he stopped at the French island of Reunion to take some black captives on board so he would look the part, Mr Bailey said.
Obscure records show that a ship called the Sea Flower, used by the pirates after they ditched the Fancy, sailed along the eastern seaboard. It arrived with nearly four dozen slaves in 1696 in Newport, Rhode Island, which became a major hub of the North American slave trade in the 18th century.
"There's extensive primary source documentation to show the American colonies were bases of operation for pirates," said Mr Bailey, 53, who holds a degree in anthropology from the University of Rhode Island and worked as an archaeological assistant on explorations of the Whydah Gally pirate shipwreck off Cape Cod in the late 1980s.
Mr Bailey, whose day job is analysing security at the state's prison complex, published his findings in the research journal of the American Numismatic Society, an organisation devoted to the study of coins and medals.
Archaeologists and historians familiar with but not involved in Mr Bailey's work say they are intrigued, and believe it is shedding new light on one of the world's most enduring criminal mysteries.
“Jim's research is impeccable," said Kevin McBride, a professor of archaeology at the University of Connecticut.
Mark Hanna, an associate professor of history at the University of California-San Diego and an expert in piracy in early America, said when he first saw photos of Mr Bailey's coin, “I lost my mind".
"Finding those coins, for me, was a huge thing," said Mr Hanna, author of the 2015 book, Pirate Nests and the Rise of the British Empire.
“The story of Capt Every is one of global significance. This material object – this little thing – can help me explain that.”
Every's exploits inspired a 2020 book by Steven Johnson, Enemy of All Mankind; PlayStation's popular Uncharted series of video games; and a Sony Pictures movie version of Uncharted, starring Tom Holland, Mark Wahlberg and Antonio Banderas, expected to hit cinemas early in 2022.
Mr Bailey, who keeps his most valuable finds in a safe-deposit box, says he will keep digging.
“For me, it's always been about the thrill of the hunt, not about the money,” he said. “The only thing better than finding these objects is the long-lost stories behind them."
