Iran in a race to save largest lake from drying up

OROUMIEH, Iran // The first cabinet decision made under Iran’s new president, Hassan Rouhani, was not about how to resolve his country’s nuclear dispute with world powers. It was about how to keep the nation’s largest lake from disappearing.

Lake Oroumieh, one of the biggest saltwater lakes on earth, has shrunk by more than 80 per cent to 1,000 square kilometres in the past decade, mainly because of climate change, expanded irrigation for surrounding farms and the damming of rivers that feed the body of water, experts say. Salt-covered rocks that were once deep underwater now sit in the middle of desert.

Experts fear the lake – famous in years past as a tourist spot and a favorite stopping point for migrating flamingos, pelicans and gulls – could disappear within two years if nothing is done.

“The lake is gone. My job is gone. My children are gone. Tourists, too,” said Mozafar Cheraghi, 58, as he stood on a dusty platform that was once his bustling teahouse.

Less than a decade ago, he recalled, he hosted dozens of tourists a day, with his two sons taking them on boat tours. His children have since left to pursue work elsewhere.

“I sold a dozen boats and kept half a dozen here, hoping the water will return,” he said. “But it didn’t happen.”

Rescuing the lake in north-western Iran, near the Turkish border, was one of Mr Rouhani’s campaign promises, and his new cabinet promptly decided to form a team to invite scholars to help find solutions.

The president is putting an emphasis on tackling long-neglected environmental problems that critics say were made worse by his predecessor, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.

An engineer with an appetite for giant populist projects, Mr Ahmadinejad pursued policies that led to the expansion of irrigation projects and construction of dams.

“Rouhani stands by his campaign promise to revive the lake,” Isa Kalantari, a popular scholar appointed by Mr Rouhani to lead the rescue team, said at an international conference in Oroumieh this week.

The gathering brought experts from Iran and around the world to discuss the best options for reversing the trend and saving Iran from a major environmental and economic disaster.

“Don’t blame nature and drought. Human beings, not climate change, are responsible for this situation. We dried up the lake because of our excessive demands and wrong methods. Now, we have to revive it ourselves. Five million people have to leave this region if the lake dies,” Mr Kalantari said.

Mr Kalantari and his team are to come up with a final rescue plan by May.

Twenty proposals are on the table, including cloud-seeding to increase rainfall in the area and the building of pipelines to bring in more water. Experts have also proposed the creation of other industries to reduce reliance on agriculture.

The government has begun a project to raise public awareness and encourage farmers to abandon wasteful practices and adopt drip irrigation systems that save water. It is also urging farmers to switch to less thirsty crops. Wheat and pistachios, for example, use less water than sugar beets.

In the village of Govarchinghaleh, near the lake, Ali Hazrati and his father grow grapes and almonds.

“A decade ago, this was a green area. Now it is not because of decrease in rainfall. With the level of water in the lake going down, water in wells has gone down too. If we dig deeper, the water gets very salty and isn’t fit even for agricultural use. Our grape and almond harvest has fallen dramatically,” Mr Hazrati said.

He said salty winds had killed some of his almond trees.

The effect on crops has prompted many villagers to leave the place of their birth. Govarchinghaleh had about 1,000 people a decade ago. Now, only 300 live in the village overlooking the shrinking lake. Once there were three schools; now there is one, serving a dozen students.

Not far away, trucks hauling salt, a new business, could be seen driving over the dry lake bottom.

Ali Asghar Siab Qudsi, a university teacher and one of the organisers of the conference, said dams and the digging of more than 24,000 unauthorised wells – in addition to about 30,000 legal ones – were among the reasons for the shrinking of the lake. He said increasing evaporation and cultivation of thirsty crops such as sugar beets had worsened the crisis.

Lakes in other parts of Iran are facing a similar crisis, though not as severe as at Oroumieh. Even residents of Tehran experience water shortages on weekends, and authorities are making plans for possible rationing in the capital.

Authorities have warned of a national disaster in the coming decade if water is not managed properly.

“My No 1 demand is to see our dying lake back to life,” Mr Cheraghi said. “Will that happen in my lifetime?”

* Associated Press