With Twitter, Facebook and YouTube facing criticism over the role of social media in the wake of the Christchurch terror attacks for hosting, spreading and in some cases inadvertently promoting extremist material, Silicon Valley says it is becoming more proactive to clamp down.
Speaking to The National at their headquarters in San Francisco, representatives of Twitter said they have long responded to feedback but they acknowledged the need for more transparency.
“This is an ongoing effort across the company to make sure people have a better understanding of the changes we make,” said a representative who declined to be identified. “People on Twitter have always given us feedback throughout our development process, and we've been exploring different ways to bring people in.”
Despite the size of individual social media ecosystems, several of the largest companies are looking to better cooperate to prevent the spread of content across platforms.
In 2016, Facebook, Twitter, Microsoft and Google announced they would be working together to create a database of terrorist content, known as the Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT). The partnership relies on sharing information between platforms.
In the wake of the Christchurch attack, the companies have been sharing a large amount of information to try and prevent the spread of a video the shooter reportedly made of his deadly attack that left over 50 dead and dozens wounded on March 15.
Initially streamed live on Facebook, the 17-minute video was first reported by a user 29 minutes after it began. Twitter refused to say how long it had taken for them to be made aware of the footage.
Both platforms rely on a mix of artificial intelligence (AI) and human moderators to catch offensive videos, but most of the onus goes on the user to report harmful content.
But what content should be removed is still something of a grey area. Just because a video is violent or gory, or depicts death or killing, it doesn't mean it will be automatically taken down.
If a video draws attention to or condemns atrocities it might be allowed to exist, but it is when it promotes or glorifies violence that it is removed. For sensitive content, both Twitter and Facebook tend to use age filters and disable autoplay functions.
The question of violence in videos posted online is not new. In 2017, YouTube removed footage shot by activists and journalists in Syria documenting the violence that researchers said could be crucial in future war crimes prosecutions. The company apologised after a backlash and reinstated the footage, saying it made “the wrong call”.
After the Christchurch shooting, however, Facebook immediately classified the video as terrorism making any sharing or praise of the footage an infringement of its user guidelines. This even extended to clips from news reports that showed extracts and were therefore removed, a company spokesperson – who also declined to be named – told The National.
Despite Facebook’s tough stance on the footage after the fact, there remains the question of how it was not flagged sooner. Facebook has been open about the fact that its AI moderation failed on March 15.
“This particular video did not trigger our automatic detection systems. To achieve that we will need to provide our systems with large volumes of data of this specific kind of content, something which is difficult as these events are thankfully rare.”
Automatic detection also ran the risk of flagging similar content, like video games, which underlined why human moderation would continue to “be part of the equation”.
The Facebook spokesperson said live videos brought their own “unique challenges”.
Despite imperfect machines unable to always make the right calls, Facebook say they are still looking at ways to speed up their review and flagging of videos posted to the site.
“Some have asked whether we should add a time delay to Facebook Live, similar to the broadcast delay sometimes used by TV stations. There are millions of Live broadcasts daily, which means a delay would not help address the problem due to the sheer number of videos,” the Facebook spokesperson said.
“More importantly, given the importance of user reports, adding a delay would only further slowdown videos getting reported, reviewed and first responders being alerted to provide help on the ground.”
The company also disagreed that Facebook live videos should be restricted to specific types of high profile users such as celebrities or media professionals rather that anyone with an account.
The spokesperson said there was a “very small number of cases where people are misusing our services”, and the “vast majority of uses of Facebook Live are meaningful and positive”.
“We recognise that the immediacy of Live brings unique challenges – especially in enforcing our policies. We know it’s important to have a responsible approach, and will continue to work around the clock on this.”
The company also said they believed that the process for reporting content was “easy” – although the spokesman said the company “welcome[s] feedback from our community”.
Currently, to report a post a user has to find the drop-down menu beside the item, select the “give feedback” option, select what aspect of the guidelines the post is in violation of then they are able to submit a report for review.
As well as the speed of the response, one of the biggest questions has been about reposted instances of the footage from the attacks. The issue of stopping the spread of banned content came to the fore after 2014 when ISIS began disseminating propaganda videos online, some that showed the murder of civilians, Western hostages including journalists and a Jordanian pilot.
In the wake of the Christchurch attack, Facebook says it removed 1.5 million versions of the video within 24 hours. YouTube hasn't said exactly how many copies they have deleted but the company's chief product officer Neal Mohan told the Washington Post that they had removed an "unprecedented volume" and had struggled to keep on top of the deluge.
Versions were appearing as quickly as one a second and YouTube had to disable some searches to prevent people being able to look for the footage while they deleted them all.
Stuart Macdonald, criminal law professor and director of a multidisciplinary cyberterrorism project at Swansea University, told The National that "the events in Christchurch show the size of the task facing social media companies".
On the GIFCT database, the member companies create a digital footprint known as a ‘hash’ every time particularly egregious material is removed, this is shared and allows all member companies to automatically block the same material on their sites. Mr Macdonald said that in the two years since the joint operation began some 100,000 hashes had been listed in the database.
“In the days following the Christchurch attack, more than 800 distinct hashes were added to the database. This gives some idea of how many distinct videos of the attack were circulating,” he says.
“For example, it has been reported that users were attempting to circumvent automated blocking by uploading the video in different languages and by posting recordings of the video playing on their computer.”
While the GIFCT system has been credited with a large reduction of material from the likes of ISIS appearing in mainstream social media, there is still a concern given that just 13 companies are currently signed up – nine have joined since its inception.
Various countries are looking at or already have their own legislation to force action from social media companies – in Germany, for example, references to Nazis, their icons or supporters will not appear in Twitter given the country’s strict laws around showing support for National Socialism.
But some platforms have remained “hostile” to regulation.
“For example, shortly after Britain First was banned from Facebook in early 2018, it moved to Gab. This platform states that it “champions free speech, individual liberty and the free flow of information online. All are welcome”.
Britain First still maintains a presence on this platform and Gab has become a popular site among the far right.
“Similarly, when Twitter began its aggressive suspension activity against Daesh [ISIS] supporters, a migration to Telegram occurred,” he added. Telegram is an encrypted messaging application that allows broadcasting to people who actively follow a specific channel.
The list of sites that have hosted the Christchurch terrorist’s video, or his manifesto, is long and varied, Mr Macdonald says. It includes small file sharing sites, as well as the larger social media companies.
“Whilst most smaller platforms took positive action in response to the attack, there are some that have a history of hosting questionable content and still have active links to the manifesto and the full video,” Mr Macdonald says.
Notable, Mr Macdonald added, was that the video only went viral after it was aired by the mainstream media – and in particular a few British tabloids as well as Sky News and Ten Daily in Australia – which “raises questions about the role of the media more widely”.
In terms of concrete changes to operations and policy, Facebook has provided both intention and actual alterations to a number of its services as a direct result of the attacks.
The company said it was improving matching technology to stop the spread of harmful videos and had used the audio-based technology it had been building to identify variants of the Christchurch video.
Facebook and Instagram also banned praise or support for white nationalism and white separatism, as part of an intensified crackdown on hate speech.
“This includes more than 200 white supremacist organizations globally whose content we are removing through proactive detection technology,” the company spokesman said.
They are also seeking to bolster the GITFC sharing system and experimenting with sharing URLs of removed content between companies as well as working to address the range of terrorists operating online, and are attempting to “improve our ability to collaborate in a crisis”.
While the Christchurch shooting has been the most recent high profile case where the role of social media companies has been called into question, it is unlikely to be the last. Many in Silicon Valley are taking an active approach to trying to tackle the most egregious violations but scale and deciding exactly where the lines are will remain an issue for the foreseeable future.
2018 ICC World Twenty20 Asian Western Regional Qualifier
The top three teams progress to the Asia Qualifier
Final: UAE beat Qatar by nine wickets
Third-place play-off: Kuwait beat Saudi Arabia by five runs
Table
1 UAE 5 5 0 10
2 Qatar 5 4 1 8
3 Saudi 5 3 2 6
4 Kuwait 5 2 3 4
5 Bahrain 5 1 4 2
6 Maldives 5 0 5 0
WHAT%20MACRO%20FACTORS%20ARE%20IMPACTING%20META%20TECH%20MARKETS%3F
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SPEC%20SHEET%3A%20SAMSUNG%20GALAXY%20S24%20ULTRA
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2025 Fifa Club World Cup groups
Group A: Palmeiras, Porto, Al Ahly, Inter Miami.
Group B: Paris Saint-Germain, Atletico Madrid, Botafogo, Seattle.
Group C: Bayern Munich, Auckland City, Boca Juniors, Benfica.
Group D: Flamengo, ES Tunis, Chelsea, Leon.
Group E: River Plate, Urawa, Monterrey, Inter Milan.
Group F: Fluminense, Borussia Dortmund, Ulsan, Mamelodi Sundowns.
Group G: Manchester City, Wydad, Al Ain, Juventus.
Group H: Real Madrid, Al Hilal, Pachuca, Salzburg.
THE DETAILS
Kaala
Dir: Pa. Ranjith
Starring: Rajinikanth, Huma Qureshi, Easwari Rao, Nana Patekar
Rating: 1.5/5
Moon Music
Artist: Coldplay
Label: Parlophone/Atlantic
Number of tracks: 10
Rating: 3/5
UAE currency: the story behind the money in your pockets
Women%E2%80%99s%20T20%20World%20Cup%20Qualifier
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Grand Slam Los Angeles results
Men:
56kg – Jorge Nakamura
62kg – Joao Gabriel de Sousa
69kg – Gianni Grippo
77kg – Caio Soares
85kg – Manuel Ribamar
94kg – Gustavo Batista
110kg – Erberth Santos
Women:
49kg – Mayssa Bastos
55kg – Nathalie Ribeiro
62kg – Gabrielle McComb
70kg – Thamara Silva
90kg – Gabrieli Pessanha
Infiniti QX80 specs
Engine: twin-turbocharged 3.5-liter V6
Power: 450hp
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Celta Vigo 2
Castro (45'), Aspas (82')
Barcelona 2
Dembele (36'), Alcacer (64')
Red card: Sergi Roberto (Barcelona)
The biog
Name: Mohammed Imtiaz
From: Gujranwala, Pakistan
Arrived in the UAE: 1976
Favourite clothes to make: Suit
Cost of a hand-made suit: From Dh550
Our legal consultants
Name: Hassan Mohsen Elhais
Position: legal consultant with Al Rowaad Advocates and Legal Consultants.
MOUNTAINHEAD REVIEW
Starring: Ramy Youssef, Steve Carell, Jason Schwartzman
Director: Jesse Armstrong
Rating: 3.5/5
The%20specs
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Company%20profile
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COMPANY PROFILE
Name: Kumulus Water
Started: 2021
Founders: Iheb Triki and Mohamed Ali Abid
Based: Tunisia
Sector: Water technology
Number of staff: 22
Investment raised: $4 million
The specs
Engine: 2.0-litre 4-cylinder turbo
Power: 240hp at 5,500rpm
Torque: 390Nm at 3,000rpm
Transmission: eight-speed auto
Price: from Dh122,745
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Series result
1st ODI Zimbabwe won by 6 wickets
2nd ODI Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets
3rd ODI Sri Lanka won by 8 wickets
4th ODI Zimbabwe won by 4 wickets
5th ODI Zimbabwe won by 3 wickets
Sole survivors
- Cecelia Crocker was on board Northwest Airlines Flight 255 in 1987 when it crashed in Detroit, killing 154 people, including her parents and brother. The plane had hit a light pole on take off
- George Lamson Jr, from Minnesota, was on a Galaxy Airlines flight that crashed in Reno in 1985, killing 68 people. His entire seat was launched out of the plane
- Bahia Bakari, then 12, survived when a Yemenia Airways flight crashed near the Comoros in 2009, killing 152. She was found clinging to wreckage after floating in the ocean for 13 hours.
- Jim Polehinke was the co-pilot and sole survivor of a 2006 Comair flight that crashed in Lexington, Kentucky, killing 49.
Company Profile
Company name: Fine Diner
Started: March, 2020
Co-founders: Sami Elayan, Saed Elayan and Zaid Azzouka
Based: Dubai
Industry: Technology and food delivery
Initial investment: Dh75,000
Investor: Dtec Startupbootcamp
Future plan: Looking to raise $400,000
Total sales: Over 1,000 deliveries in three months
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Racecard
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The rules of the road keeping cyclists safe
Cyclists must wear a helmet, arm and knee pads
Have a white front-light and a back red-light on their bike
They must place a number plate with reflective light to the back of the bike to alert road-users
Avoid carrying weights that could cause the bike to lose balance
They must cycle on designated lanes and areas and ride safe on pavements to avoid bumping into pedestrians
BMW M5 specs
Engine: 4.4-litre twin-turbo V-8 petrol enging with additional electric motor
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Price: From Dh650,000
UK-EU trade at a glance
EU fishing vessels guaranteed access to UK waters for 12 years
Co-operation on security initiatives and procurement of defence products
Youth experience scheme to work, study or volunteer in UK and EU countries
Smoother border management with use of e-gates
Cutting red tape on import and export of food
The National's picks
4.35pm: Tilal Al Khalediah
5.10pm: Continous
5.45pm: Raging Torrent
6.20pm: West Acre
7pm: Flood Zone
7.40pm: Straight No Chaser
8.15pm: Romantic Warrior
8.50pm: Calandogan
9.30pm: Forever Young
Specs
Engine: 51.5kW electric motor
Range: 400km
Power: 134bhp
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INFO
More on Quran memorisation:
'Worse than a prison sentence'
Marie Byrne, a counsellor who volunteers at the UAE government's mental health crisis helpline, said the ordeal the crew had been through would take time to overcome.
“It was worse than a prison sentence, where at least someone can deal with a set amount of time incarcerated," she said.
“They were living in perpetual mystery as to how their futures would pan out, and what that would be.
“Because of coronavirus, the world is very different now to the one they left, that will also have an impact.
“It will not fully register until they are on dry land. Some have not seen their young children grow up while others will have to rebuild relationships.
“It will be a challenge mentally, and to find other work to support their families as they have been out of circulation for so long. Hopefully they will get the care they need when they get home.”
Wydad 2 Urawa 3
Wydad Nahiri 21’, Hajhouj 90'
Urawa Antonio 18’, 60’, Kashiwagi 26’
How%20I%20connect%20with%20my%20kids%20when%20working%20or%20travelling
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Three ways to boost your credit score
Marwan Lutfi says the core fundamentals that drive better payment behaviour and can improve your credit score are:
1. Make sure you make your payments on time;
2. Limit the number of products you borrow on: the more loans and credit cards you have, the more it will affect your credit score;
3. Don't max out all your debts: how much you maximise those credit facilities will have an impact. If you have five credit cards and utilise 90 per cent of that credit, it will negatively affect your score.
Sonchiriya
Director: Abhishek Chaubey
Producer: RSVP Movies, Azure Entertainment
Cast: Sushant Singh Rajput, Manoj Bajpayee, Ashutosh Rana, Bhumi Pednekar, Ranvir Shorey
Rating: 3/5
Mohammed bin Zayed Majlis